English - Tablet vs. Laptop Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

English - Tablet vs. Laptop - Essay Example The latest in this competition is the laptop and the smaller more stylish tablet. Will the tablet drive the laptop into oblivion? Many variables come into place in that debate. This article views the debate from the standpoint of a tablet; a stylish, portable media device replacing a laptop, a portable computer. In the process of doing so we will initially examine the difference between the two based on the below factors. Price Portability Features From this evaluation, the essay hopes to provide (to also provide) a reasonable explanation as to why a tablet is not a computer. Competitiveness of Laptop and Tablet in Pricing Price is a very important factor for any product from a consumer point of view. It is dependent on many factors and is relative to usage. When we examine price based from the standpoint of functionality alone and we can see that laptops have an edge over tablets on this aspect. Pricing details of the Laptops: Laptops vary in prices and can be customized accordingly . Laptops are definitely cheaper than tablets due to a few reasons. One of the main reasons for this is that Laptops have been in the market for a long time and have been evolving to meet consumer demands. Today, the commercial side of laptop making is not only restricted to original design makers, thus, the need for competitive pricing has risen. You can get a net book with all the basic computing needs for as low as $350. The price range varies depending on features and this can be tailored according to usage needs and consumer needs. When tailoring a laptop to meet the usage demands based on memory and features, the price paid for one laptop can sometimes buy two tablets. However, when we get to this price point from the standpoint of a computer versus a portable media device, Laptops win. The Cost Front of Tablet: Tablets are costlier than laptops but it is worth the price as it provides impeccable facilities. The technology of a tablet has been under experimentation for a reall y long time. The tablet as we know came in 2010 when Apple Inc. released the Ipad, which was more media centric than PC centric. One of the main reasons for this has been to justify the price with the functions. The difference between the two is explained below. Since 2000, Microsoft has been experimenting along the lines of a tablet PC that works on a different Operating System (OS) as compared to a regular laptop. A tablet uses a lot of specialized technology in its venture to offer sophisticated features and increase portability while not reducing the PC experience. However, it has not been possible so far to create a PC tablet that can justify the price. The current tablets do not justify the price when looked at from the standpoint of the limitations in that particular functionality. Which Comes Best in Portability The need for portability is probably one of the driving factors for technological innovations. Here again the focus is on functionality and we can see that while tab lets are definitely more portable that even the smallest laptops they do not have all the functionality that a laptop as a computer can offer. What are laptops in Portability factor? Laptops are meant to be portable but are not that great when compared with tablets’ portability. With the fight to make things as pocket sized as possible, there are now new laptops that are small and lightweight, without too much compromise on screen resolution. When looking at portability we also have to look at it from the standpo

Terminal Reports Essay Example for Free

Terminal Reports Essay 1.) What was your basis fpr selecting your practicum organization? I chose Office of the Solicitor General because one of our 3rd year professor in Political Dynamics, Atty. Rigor Pascual, was a former intern in OSG. He told us that if we want to learn a lot we should prefer OSG as our OJT destination. 2.) Describe in details your duties and responsibilities in your practicum organization. In the division which I was assigned, they taught the process how to make delegations, file cases, update cases in ECMT, motion and manifestations and others which includes photocopying of files and recording of new cases received by our division. These are my duties and responsibilities everyday during my OJT. 3.) What were your personal, academic and professional expectations from the Practicum Program? I am expecting to learn more about my future career path either in the fields of law or management and to improve and develop not only my skills but also my personality. All of my expectations were all satisfied after 200-hours of quality on-the-job training. 4.) Were your expectation met? Why or why not? I’m proud to say that all of my expectations were met as I have learned a lot of things in my 200 hours or 6 weeks of stay in OSG. They taught me a lot of things in the field of law and give me some advice how to become a good lawyer. All in all, my stay in OSG was a one o a kind experience that I will never forget. 5.) Describe in details your working relationship with your superiors and co-workers/co-trainees. I have a very good relationship with my superiors especially my supervisor Atty. Tadeo as she is very kind and helpful to me. She taught me a lot of things regarding my work to be accomplished and things that might be helpful in my academic training in school. It was a happy workplace as all of the employees in our division were kind and supportive. 6.) Describe in detail three incidents related to your practicum where you were able to fully  utilize your academic training. a. I was able to use my knowledge in persons and family relations when I was given a research about marriage and adoption. b. My legal research class was also useful whenever I was told to get a SCRA or anything from their library. c. Lastly, my knowledge about computers was also utilized as everyday I am in front of the computer for my paper works (delegation, motion and manifestations etc.). 7.) Describe fully any incident(s) which may have proven disturbing during your Practicum. There wasn’t any disturbing incident that happened during my OJT program and honestly it was more of a productive and enjoyable experience than that of a distressing one. 8.) What suggestions can you put forward to further improve the Practicum Program of the Legal Management Department? We should have been given a seminar about our internship program, as it was confusing from the start. We were told first that it is okay to have your OJT outside Metro Manila and then after some of us have chosen our OJT destination from different provinces, we are told the other way around which was very frustrating and hassling. To improve the Practicum Program of the Legal Management Department, student should be properly informed and knowledgeable about the their OJT program.

Thomas Kuhns Structure of Scientific Revolutions Essays -- Book Revie

The aim of this essay is to provide a summary and critique of Thomas S. Kuhn’s groundbreaking thesis ‘The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.’ This will be done by analyzing his concepts of ‘paradigm’, ‘normal science’ and ‘scientific revolutions.’ Following the overview I will present the example of ‘The Copernican Revolution’ to empirically show a paradigm shift. The rest of the essay is concerned specifically with critically examining Kuhn’s notion of a paradigm and the incommensurability between them. I will show that to define paradigm is a never ending task however this should not hinder the usefulness of the concept itself. Before Kuhn’s book was written, the commonly held position by scientists and philosophers of science, such as Mach and Otswald , about the structure of science; was that it involved linear progression as a result of an incremental accumulation of knowledge from the activities undertaken by members of the scientific community. They thought that as generations of scientists observed more and more, their understanding of a particular scientific fact would become better refined through an ever growing stockpile of facts, theories and methods. The aim of the historian of science would be to pin point the man and the moment in time a further discovery was made; whilst also describing the obstacles that inhibited scientific progression. Then in 1962, Kuhn’s revolutionary book challenged the prevailing model of the history of science and argued for an episodic structure in which periods of conceptual continuity in normal science are interrupted by periods of revolutionary science. I will begin by outlining the core concepts that Kuhn presents at the beginning of his thesis. The backbone of Kuh... ... with its easy and friendly applicability means that it fulfils the aims of which Kuhn wanted. To tell the story of how science was structured. Bibliography Bonini, C. P. (1963). Simulation of information and decision systems in the firm. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall. Kuhn, T. S. (1962. Second Edition, enlarged, 1970). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: The University of Chicago. Masterman, M. (1970). The Nature of a Paradigm. In I. Lakatos, & A. Musgrave (Eds.), Criticism and The Growth of Knowledge (pp. 59-90). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Shapere, D. (1964). Review: The structure of Scientific Revolutions. The Philosophical Review , 73 (3), 383-394. Shapere, D. (1971, May). The Paradigm Concept. Science , 172 (3984), pp. 706-709. Weinberg, S. (1998). Scientific Revolutions. New York Review of Books , XLV (15).

Biography of Erik Erikson Essay

A few years after Erik’s birth, her mother took him to a local jewish pediatrician, Dr. Theodor Homburger for a treatment of minor illness. His mother and the pediatrician eventually fell in love. He quickly developed a sense that something was wrong his mother and father were Jewish his own physical appearance was clearly Scandinavian. later on he found the truth about his heritage, his identity crisis was worsened. Rejecting his stepfather’s plea to become physician. He went to Europe and enrolled in art school and eager to learn about culture and history. He returned home at the age of 25 prepared to settle down and teach art for a living. Erikson was asked by his former high school friend Peter Blos to join him as a teacher in Experimental Nursery school in Vienna where he met Anna Freud and her famous father Sigmund Freud. Anna Freud was trying to convert psychoanalytic interest in childhood experiences of adult. Erikson shared her pioneering interest and was eventually trained by her as a child analyst. Erikson was still unsure to earn his living a psychoanalyst because still wanted to paint and draw. However, he began to see a connection between psychoanalysis and art. He observed that children’s dream and play involve important visual images that only later are translated into words in therapy. Concepts and Principles Erikson’s position represents a systematic extension of Freud’s view of the role of ego in personality functioning. Erikson is a Freudian ego-psychologist. Erikson proposed that ego often operates independently of id emotions and motivation. Ego functions to help individual adapt to challenges presented by the surrounding. Ego Psychology Emphasized the integration of biological and psychosocial forces in determination of personality functioning. Epigenetic Principle The idea that human development is governed by a sequence of stages that depend on genetic or hereditary factors This principle says that we develop through a predetermined unfolding of our personalities in eight stages. Our progress through each stage is in part determined by our success, or lack of success â€Å"crisis†, in all the previous stages. Crisis defined as the crucial period in every stage. Virtue â€Å"inherent strength or active quality† human qualities or strength emerge from successful resolution of crisis. Psychosocial Development: Stages of Ego Development Stage Basic Conflict Virtue Important Events Outcome Infancy (birth to 18 months) Trust vs. Mistrust HOPE Feeding Children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliability, care, and affection. A lack of this will lead to mistrust. Early Childhood (2 to 3 years) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt WILL Toilet Training Children need to develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence. Success leads to feelings of autonomy, failure results in feelings of shame and doubt. Preschool/Play Age (3 to 5 years) Initiative vs. Guilt PURPOSE Exploration Children need to begin asserting control and power over the environment. Success in this stage leads to a sense of purpose. Children who try to exert too much power experience disapproval, resulting in a sense of guilt. School Age (6 to 11 years) Industry vs. Inferiority COMPETENCE School Children need to cope with new social and academic demands. Success leads to a sense of competence, while failure results in feelings of inferiority. Adolescence (12 to 18 years) Identity vs. Role Confusion FIDELITY Social Relationships Teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity. Success leads to an ability to stay true to yourself, while failure leads to role confusion and a weak sense of self. Young Adulthood (19 to 40 years) Intimacy vs. Isolation LOVE Relationships Young adults need to form intimate, loving relationships with other people. Success leads to strong relationships, while failure results in loneliness and isolation. Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 years) Generativity vs. Stagnation CARE Work and Parenthood Adults need to create or nurture things that will outlast them, often by having children or creating a positive change that benefits other people. Success leads to feelings of usefulness and accomplishment, while failure results in shallow involvement in the world. Maturity(65 to death) Ego Integrity vs. Despair WISDOM Reflection on Life Older adults need to look back on life and feel a sense of fulfillment. Success at this stage leads to feelings of wisdom, while failure results in regret, bitterness, and despair. Strengths and Weaknesses of Erik Erikson’s Theory Strengths Comprehensiveness It addresses itself to wide variety of phenomenon both normal and abnormal and seeks to biological, social, cultural and historical factors. Heuristic Value Within Psychology, Erikson’s work has contributed directly to lifespan psychology and the development of adult psychology. Applied Value Erikson’s work has practical impact in the area of child psychology and psychiatry, counseling, education and social work. Weaknesses Male Bias Erik Erikson articulated psychosocial stage describes the life cycle hallmarks of white, western society and may not apply well to other cultures or even to our own today/present time. Erikson’s positive outcome (such as autonomy, initiative, industry) virtues (such as will, purpose and competence) are frequently seen as characteristics of healthy male development. And his negative ones, (doubt, guilt and inferiority) are seen as reflecting unhealthy female development. Gilligan’s studies of girl and women’s development suggest different positive values emerge in healthy development. Connection, responsibility, and care replace autonomy, mastery  and power. Precision and Testability Erikson’s theory fails to meet the criterion of precision and testability. He defined the concept of ego to sustain sameness and continuity in the face of changing fate. Evidently the concept is extremely complex and does not readily precise measurement. Therapy/Application of Erik Erikson’s Theory Research Erikson believed that social and historical factors affect the formation of ego identity, which in turn affects the nature of the personality. One such example of the work of social factors in personality development is the women’s movement. Studies have found that most adolescent women today include a career orientation as part of their ego identity. Research in the area of identity crisis show that this stage may begin around 12 and be resolved by the time a person is 18. However, for some people, identity may not occur until as late as age 24. Erikson believed that people in the maturity and old age stage of psychosocial development spend time recalling and examining their life, accepting or regretting past choices. However one study showed no significant differences between younger adults compared to older adults in reported frequency of life reflections. However, younger people engaged in reflection to gain self-insight and find solutions to current problems, while older people used reflection of their past to evaluate their lives Play Therapy Erikson used play therapy to conduct research on his theory, focusing on what he called play construction. In his studies, boys and girls constructed a scene for an imaginary movie using dolls, toy animals, automobiles, and wooden blocks. Girls tended to build low enclosures, while boys focused on exteriors, action, and height. Based on biological differences, according to Erikson; girls build low enclosures in which people are walled in, and  boys would build towers. Research today still persists that traditional gender stereotyping between girls and boys exists. Girls typically play with dolls, jewelry, and toy kitchen implements, while boys play with trucks, soldiers, and guns. â€Å"Our greatest weakness lies in giving up. The most certain way to succeed is always to try just one more time. And anyone who has never made a mistake has never tried anything new†

History Questions and Answers on France Essay

1.How far did Napoleon Bonaparte maintain the ideals of the French Revolution during the period 1799–1815? The key issue is the relationship between Napoleon Bonaparte and the French Revolution. ‘How far’ invites candidates to consider the extent and limits of the claim that he maintained revolutionary ideals. These ideals can be summarised quickly as ‘liberty, equality and fraternity’. The Revolution had sought greater equalisation between classes, the rule of law and the end of secular and religious privilege. The focus should be on the period from 1799 to 1915 and there is no need for long narratives of the period from 1789 as long as answers can put Napoleon into context. Napoleon maintained that he was the son of the Revolution and his Code incorporated some measures that ensured the rule of law. He encouraged promotion by merit rather than by birth. He confirmed the changes to property ownership that had taken place. On the other hand, the Code benefited the middle classes more than the peasantry and the emphasis on authority in the family returned to pre-1789 values. His rule was authoritarian and the establishment of the Empire was a contradiction of republican principles. Opponents were prosecuted by an active police system, headed by Fouchà ©. Government institutions were not independent and Napoleon was able to nominate those to high offices. Lesser officials, although elected, could be removed. There is no need for long narratives of foreign policy but it will be relevant to explain how far it was driven by personal, rather than revolutionary, motives. Answers worth 22-25 will consider both sides of his rule and come to clear conclusions. 19-21 answers will be mostly secure but will miss some possible lines of discussion. 11-13 answers will show a basic knowledge of his rule but will be very narrative or descriptive, but sometimes incomplete. 14-15 can be awarded to fuller descriptions. 16-18 answers will make some salient points of comment in otherwise largely descriptive accounts. 2 How far did Napoleon Bonaparte achieve his aims in domestic policy? The key issue is Napoleon’s success in achieving his aims in domestic policy. The question is deliberately worded to exclude discussion of foreign policy and this will be irrelevant unless referred to briefly in an introduction or conclusion. For example, a good point would be that Napoleon achieved power largely by conquest and was then was brought down by failure abroad, not by internal opposition. But this does not mean that victory and defeat abroad must be described in detail. Answers can be awarded 11-13 marks when they contain relevant but basic descriptions of domestic policy. These answers will give little consideration to Napoleon’s aims and will probably be very uncritical. Fuller descriptions but with a similar approach can be awarded 14-15 marks. The 16-18 band will require some specific study of aims although these might be treated broadly; the description will be quite full. The discriminating factor for the 19-21 band will be the concentration on aims and their achievement although the essays will contain some gaps. For example, they might be very one-sided. More complete assessments that consider alternatives can be awarded 22-25 marks. Napoleon aimed at personal power and he secured this from 1799, with the Consulate, and then 1804, with the Empire, until 1814. But candidates should note his abdication before his unsuccessful return. Credit will be given when candidates consider how far he wished to continue the reforms of the Revolution. He sought to maximise his support and offered promotion by merit. However, political opponents were treated harshly by the police system under Fouchà ©. His attempts to stabilise the economy can be examined as can his relations with the Roman Catholic Church, which he stabilised. Candidates should consider the importance of the Code Napoleon. 3.The aims and methods of Cavour were completely different from those of Mazzini.’ How far do you agree with this judgement? The key issue is the comparison of Cavour and Mazzini. Answers should be reasonably balanced in their treatment of the two men. 60:40 either way can deserve any mark band; 70:30 will normally lead to the award of one band lower than would otherwise be given. The 11-13 band will require a basic knowledge and understanding of one man. Answers in the 22-25 band will be fully comparative. They will differentiate between aims and methods and support the argument by sound knowledge. Most candidates, even in this band, can be expected to agree with the claim in the question but credit should be given to candidates who are aware of some common ground, e.g. both wished to make Italy an independent state and saw Austria as the major stumbling block. 19-21 answers will show good qualities but will be less impressive, perhaps by lacking a distinction between aims and methods or by pursuing a more uneven comparison. There will be some comparison in the 16-18 answers but the approach will be mostly descriptive or narrative. The emphasis on narrative will probably be characteristic of answers in the 11-13 and 14-15 mark bands. In their aims, Mazzini always sought the unification of all of the Italian peninsula. Cavour began by seeking to make Piedmont a more important and extended state in northern Italy and was initially reluctant to embrace the southern states. Mazzini was a democratic republican. Cavour was a monarchist whose ideas of democracy were more limited. Mazzini wished Italians to gain independence by themselves; Cavour aimed to win European support for his designs. In methods, Mazzini embraced revolutionary methods, for example in the 1830s and in 1848. He tried to build an alliance of all classes although he failed to do so. Cavour began by strengthening Piedmont. He opposed revolutions but manipulated plebiscites to give the appearance of popular support for his policies. Diplomacy, especially with Napoleon III of France, was a vital means of isolating Austria and supplementing the weak Piedmontese army. To the dismay of Mazzini and Garibaldi, Cavour was willing to surrender some Italian territories to gain his wider ends (Nice and Savoy to France). Although not an ally of the Roman Catholic Church, Cavour saw the importance of not alienating the papacy, unlike Mazzini. 4.How far was Napoleon Bonaparte an oppressive ruler in his domestic policies from 1799 to 1815? The key issue is the assessment of Napoleon’s domestic policies. Foreign policy will be irrelevant unless mentioned briefly in an introduction or conclusion. For the highest marks, 21 – 25, Examiners will expect answers to consider the case for and against the claim that he was oppressive, coming to a clear conclusion. For 11-13 marks, answers should be expected to demonstrate a basic knowledge and understanding of the main elements of domestic policies. Some policies might be seen by some as oppressive and by others as liberating. 1799 marks the appointment of Napoleon as First Consul after the fall of the Directory. Especially during the Consulate, he implemented many reforms such as the Code Napoleon and the Concordat (1801). The former helped to restore administrative order to France and guaranteed certain rights but it also strengthened Napoleon’s authority. The latter was a reconciliation between France and the Papacy/Roman Catholic Church. This pleased many French people who retained their religious views but it afforded Napoleon a considerable measure of control over the Church. The Empire (1804) saw Napoleon achieve even more power and he was dominant over every aspect of French life. Candidates can explain administrative measures that cemented the authority or oppression of the Emperor. Officials were nominated rather than freely elected. The most successful candidates should be able to note and assess the reasons for the continuing opposition to Napoleon within France which was controlled to some extent by a harsh police system. Answers worth 11-13 marks should display basically acceptable knowledge but there will be little considered assessment. 14-15 marks can be awarded to answers that are relevant and more detailed but still more dependent on narrative and description than assessment and comparison. 16-17 marks might be awarded to answers that contain more analysis and assessment but where the assessment might be largely implicit. 18- 20 marks will be appropriate for answers that focus on the key issue but in which there is evident imbalance and unevenness. The discriminating factor in the 21-25 mark answers might well be their success in providing convincing assessments. 5.‘From 1789 to 1799, who posed the more dangerous threats to the French Revolution: its internal or its external enemies? The key issue is the threats or dangers to the French Revolution. Candidates should note that the question ends in 1799 with the coup d’à ©tat of Brumaire, the end of the Directory, and Napoleon’s accession to the Consulate. No particular ceilings are suggested for incomplete answers but answers that end in 1794-95 with the fall of the Jacobins might be worth at least one band lower than would otherwise be awarded. Candidates should consider both internal and external threats. Answers that discuss only one aspect and completely ignore the other cannot expect more than a mark in a middle band. However, examiners will not look for an even balance in even the best essays; a reasonable balance but one that is weighted to one side can score very highly. The quality of the argument will be of prior importance. Internal enemies included the King and court to Louis’ execution in 1793. His recognition of the Revolution, and the concessions that he agreed, were half-hearted. Royalists within France and those who left the country (à ©migrà ©s) continued to agitate. The influential Church was hostile. Conservative regions of France, especially the more rural areas, were hostile to the changes, such as the Vendà ©e. From 1795, the Directory tried to draw back from the alleged excesses of previous years but was unsuccessful in controlling disorder until the advent of Napoleon. France had to face foreign enemies from the inception of the Revolution and open war broke out in 1792 against Austria and Prussia. The danger of overwhelming defeat and the fall of the Revolution seemed very real. Foreign enemies later included Britain, Holland and Spain. Although unsuccessful at home, the Directory had more success abroad, especially through the victories of Napoleon in Italy. Weak answers will probably be vague about the threats and might be confined to very general accounts of the Revolution. Answers in the middle bands might focus on threats but deal with them in a highly descriptive manner, lacking assessment and comparison. The most successful answers can be expected to be analytical, focused on assessment and supported by appropriate factual knowledge Why did Louis XVI’s policies from 1789 fail to prevent his execution in 1793? †¨The key issue is the assessment of Louis XVI’s policies as a reason for his execution. The question asks ‘Why†¦?’ and examiners will award the highest marks to answers that are analytical, providing a series of reasons for the execution of Louis XVI. However, excellent answers can be organised chronologically because the period from 1789 to 1793 saw many changes that can be examined sequentially. Candidates might examine his reluctance to accept the comparatively moderate changes that were demanded by the Third Estate in 1789. He sided with the First and Second Estates until he was forced to concede. He was forced to accept the Declaration of Rights and the Civil Constitution of the clergy. Suspicions that he wanted to overturn the concessions, probably with foreign assistance, were reinforced when he fled to Varennes. Answers in Band I should also consider the impact of other factors that led to the King’s execution. These included a worsening economic situation and the rise of political radicalism, leading eventually to the (brief) triumph of Robespierre and the Jacobins, who were directly responsible for Louis XVI’s execution. War and counter-revolution in the provinces threatened the gains of the Revolution and had an impact on the King’s situation. The Grand Peur, the Terror and the influence of Paris and the sans-culottes might be seen as evidence of the burgeoning influence of the urban lower classes. Some candidates might consider the reputation of the Queen, Marie Antoinette, and the royalist supporters. 7. ‘The divisions among the revolutionaries were the most important reason why Austria was able to suppress the revolutions in Italy and Germany in 1848–49.’ How far do you agree with this claim? †¨ The key issue is the reason for the failure of the revolutions of 1848–49 in Italy and Germany. Examiners will expect a reasonable balance in the discussion of the two regions for marks in Bands 1 and 2 (18–20; 21–25). 60:40 either way will be acceptable. An understanding of the revolutions in one region will be required for Band 5 (11–13). Candidates can argue that other factors were more important than divisions among the revolutionaries, for example Austrian military power, but the stated factor should normally be given some attention for Band 5. In Italy, the revolutionaries had different aims. For some, local grievances were most important. For example, Sicily resented rule by Naples. Mazzini and Garibaldi aimed at wider issues when they established the Roman Republic. Piedmont’s leaders had a different agenda. In Germany, Liberals demanded constitutional reform but disagreements appeared, for example over the role of Prussia. There was no coordination between the movements. Religious divisions between Catholics and Protestants were important. Candidates might explain the failure of the Frankfurt Parliament. On the other hand, Austria’s army was stronger than any force that the revolutionaries could muster. Their generals were more capable; answers might mention Radetsky in Italy. 8. How far did Napoleon Bonaparte ensure liberty and equality in his domestic government of France? †¨The key issue is the nature of Napoleon’s government of France. The question clearly refers to domestic issues; discussions of foreign policy or the impact of Napoleon’s rule on other countries will not be relevant unless they are a brief part of introductions or conclusions. One would expect answers in Bands 1 (21–25) and 2 (18–20) to consider arguments for and against Napoleon’s support for liberty and equality. However, examiners should not require an equal balance. The balance will reflect the argument. For example, it might reject ’liberal’ measures as of minor importance. Answers in other Bands might plump for an argument that accepts or rejects ’liberty and equality;’ without considering the alternative at all. It will be relevant to discuss the Code Napoleon (1804), an attempt to unify the diverse laws of France. Its confirmation of equality before the law and the end of privilege, and religious toleration would point towards Napoleon’s liberalism. Careers were open to talent. However, associations of workers were banned and women were given fewer rights than men. Napoleon kept a tight hold on power through his autocratic rule. Officials were nominated and the Empire ensured Napoleon’s personal rule. Opposition was suppressed and reference might be made to the work of Fouchà © as Minister of Police. Equality was limited by the restriction of promotion to Napoleon’s supporters. 9. Why was Napoleon Bonaparte able to become Emperor of France? †¨The key issue is the creation of the Empire by Napoleon Bonaparte. The Question asks ‘Why’ and examiners will be looking for analysis when awarding the two highest Bands. It will be relevant to explain the background to Napoleon’s rise to show his appeal after the instability of the previous decade. However, surveys need to be linked to the Empire to get a high reward. Napoleon offered military success in the revolutionary wars especially against Austria; the failure of the Egyptian campaign was offset by propaganda. He also gained support because of his ability to put down insurrection and disorder within France. He managed to out manoeuvre colleagues in the Consulate and caught the imagination of France by establishing the Empire, promising to safeguard the ideals of the Revolution and maintain order. He had pursued populist policies, for example in the Codes and through the Concordat. War was not a heavy expense for the French people but made Napoleon‘s reputation. Even the Egyptian expedition did not reflect badly on him. It will not be necessary, and probably irrelevant, to narrate the developments of foreign relations and campaigns but candidates can point out the resulting popularity within France. Although the Empire contradicted the republicanism that was at the heart of the French Revolution from 1792, it promised to maintain the ideals of the Revolution whilst, at the same time, ensuring order and efficiency. Some, such as extreme royalists and Jacobins, were not reconciled but Napoleon’s autocracy and the establishment of the Empire were not seriously threatened by oth er people or alternative ideas. 10 How far was France a police state under Napoleon Bonaparte from 1799 to 1814? †¨The key issue is in the phrase ‘police state’. The question asks ‘How far..?’ and candidates should examine both the extent and limits of the claim. However, examiners will not expect balanced answers. The French were completely free under Napoleon but many candidates might judge that France was indeed a police state and therefore devote most of their time to this argument. An uncritical acceptance of this view might be worth up to Band 2 (and Band 1 might be achieved by excellent discussions) but normally answers in the highest band might be expected to consider both sides. Napoleon seized power in 1799, reduced the other Consuls to impotence and then declared himself Emperor in 1804. Although these changes were approved by plebiscites, and were genuinely supported by most French people, they represented authoritarian rule and the results of the plebiscites were rigged to produce even larger majorities in favour. Fouchà © headed the Ministry of Police. Letters of arrest very similar to the Bourbons’ lettres de cachet were used. Opponents were detained. The press was heavily censored and the state itself engaged in widespread propaganda. Napoleon’s governments under the Consulate and Empire gave him considerable power over central and local administration. The Codes might have guaranteed some freedoms but they were also a device to bring order and obedience to France. The Concordat with the Papacy (1801) recognised the need to conciliate the Roman Catholic Church and it also allowed some toleration to Protestants but its justification to Napoleon was political rather than moral. On the other hand, it can be argued that police action was not indiscriminate. Many French people found conditions improving. There is no need to compare Napoleon’s rule with other revolutionary regimes (or other police states) but brief comparisons can be given credit. 11Why was Louis XVI executed in 1793? †¨The key issue is the reasons for Louis XVI’s execution. The question asks ‘Why?’ and candidates should provide a series of reasons. Most candidates can be expected to begin in 1789. It will be difficult to make material before 1789 relevant. Some might take a narrower approach with the rise of the Jacobins. As always, the main criterion in assessment will be the quality of the argument. The question can be tackled chronologically. It is easy to underestimate the support for Louis XVI in 1789. The decision to convene the Estates General was popular. The number of republicans was negligible. Nevertheless, his popularity continued to decline until his execution at a time when few monarchists in France dared to protest. Louis’ personality can be examined. He was well-meaning but lacked political skills. He had a strong sense of duty and monarchical obligation. He believed in divine right. Together, these made him reluctant to accept the (comparatively moderate) reforms that were demanded, such as the issue of voting in the Estates General, the August Decrees and Declaration of Rights, until he was forced into concessions, which consequently made him less, not more, popular. His defence of privileged classes was an important factor. He held out against the Civil Constitution. There were suspicions, not wholly unfounded, that he was angling for foreign intervention to regain power. The King was seen as sympathetic to the à ©migrà ©s. Whatever the truth about Marie Antoinette’s attitudes and actions, she was widely hated. The ill-fated flight to Varennes can be examined. It will be very relevant to show how extremists hijacked the Revolution. The dangers from war, internal unrest as in the Vendà ©e, and economic pressures led to the victory of extremists such as Robespierre and the defeat of moderate revolutionary forces. Louis’ execution was important in its own right but it was also a reflection of rivalries between different groups of radicals. 12 Who of Cavour, Garibaldi and Mazzini contributed most to the unification of Italy by 1871? †¨The key issue is the comparative contributions of three leaders of Italian unification. Band 5 (11–13) will need a basic understanding of the work of one man. However, even the best answers do not need to show an even balance between the three. Candidates can spend most time on their preferred choice but answers in the two highest bands will need a sound knowledge and understanding of all three. There is a comparative element in the question (‘contributed†¦most’) and answers in Band 1 (21–25) will be clear when offering their reasons. Answers in lower bands might be relevant, well informed and clearly argued but they will probably not justify their choice. A problem might be when candidates interpret the question as an invitation to write about only one leader – the most important. These answers might show the candidates to be capable of writing well but they will be incomplete. Such answers might be limited to a ceiling in Band 3 (16–17) although, as always, the overriding factor will be the quality of the argument. Cavour laid a firm foundation for unification by re-organising Piedmont. He was a successful politician who managed Piedmont with a combination of skill and bribery. He was a realist and ensured that he obtained foreign assistance, especially from Napoleon III’s France, before confronting Austria. He preferred to extend Piedmont’s influence by plebiscites, apparently democratic but actually carefully managed. It might be argued that unification went further than he intended but his acceptance of Garibaldi’s gains in the south confirmed his pragmatism and he was careful not to confront the Papacy. By the time of his death (1861), Italy was unified with the exceptions of Venetia and Rome. Garibaldi made his name in Italy and outside by his contribution to the failed revolutions of 1848–49. He did as much as anybody to popularise the cause of Italian unification. The 1860 invasion of the south was successful militarily and had knock-on effects by forcing Cavour to recognise the momentum of pressure for a larger Italy. Although his later career was less successful, his particular claims were to push for the unification of the peninsula as a whole and to win the support of the lower orders. Mazzini led the cause in the 1830s and 1840s, for example through the Carbonari and the 1848–49 revolutions. It might be claimed that his ideas were unrealistic: a secular democracy achieved by Italians alone. However, although he was to be less successful in practical terms than either Cavour or Garibaldi, his claim to have been the most important contributor depends largely on the way in which he began the struggle. Except for the monarchy, the final shape of Italy closely resembled his programme. 2 Was Robespierre more a success or a failure than a revolutionary leader? Robespierre soon gained a reputation in the Estates General of 1789 as a lawyer who defended the interests of the poor. He became a leader of the Jacobins and was one of the first to demand the establishment of a republic and the execution of King Louis XVI after the Flight to Varennes (1791). He opposed the war in 1792 because he feared that it would result in the rise of a dictator. Robespierre and the Jacobins (or Montagnards/Mountain Men) defeated the Girondins and dominated the new Committee of Public Safety (1793-95). While in a dominant position, he did not merely seek power for himself and was believed not to be corrupted by power or wealth. He was the ‘Incorruptible’. He believed the problems facing the republic (including external war, internal counter-revolutionary groups and inflation) could only be solved through the use of terror. The terror acted against real and suspected enemies of the revolution and extended into every corner of France. Victims were mostly the aristocracy, bourgeoisie and members of the clergy but also included members of other classes. In all, perhaps 40,000 people were executed. Robespierre advocated a Republic of Virtue. He took the anti-clerical policies of the revolution further by inaugurating the cult of the Supreme Being, based on Reason. He also took severe steps to solve the dual problems of inflation and food shortages. Assignats and price fixing were introduced but both were unsuccessful. Robespierre took on board Carnot’s proposals for mass conscription to fight the war against counter-revolutionary kingdoms. By 1794, the opposition was able to gather sufficient support to bring him down and he was executed. Answers in the higher bands will consider both successes and failures although answers need not be evenly balanced because arguments can stress either. Was he more a success than a failure? Successes might be seen in the defeat of counter-revolution from within and outside France. The establishment of the republic was a short-term success. Robespierre’s leadership of war was decisive. Failures might include the brief period of his rule. Enemies were paralysed briefly. His socio-religious and economic policies did not work. 14 ‘Italian unification was more a victory for Piedmont’s power than for nationalism.’ How far do you agree with this claim? After 1815, Piedmont emerged as the major Italian state to oppose Austria’s power in Italy. However, its leadership was not accepted universally and was unpopular in some quarters. Other places with their leaders had claims, e.g. Rome and Venice. Charles Albert of Piedmont played a controversial role in 1848, seeming to lead the resistance to Austria but in the narrower interests of Piedmont and being willing to exploit the problems of risings elsewhere. After 1848 and under Victor Emmanuel, Piedmont became the more obvious candidate for leadership of Italy. It was independent of Austrian influence, with a constitution including the Statuto, was the wealthiest state in Italy and possessed an army which, although not equal to that of Austria, was stronger than that of other Italian states. Responses might build on this to examine the particular role of Cavour. He aimed to modernise Piedmont and then win allies to help to weaken Austria. By his death in 1861 his policies were successful in expanding Piedmont’s role in the north and in the Duchies. Garibaldi’s success in the south led him to go further than he probably wanted. But by 1861 Venetia and Rome were still outside the new kingdom of Italy in which Piedmont was the most powerful state. Italian nationalism was diverse in its aims. Mazzini aimed at the unification of the entire peninsula but he was foiled in the 1830s and in 1848-49. Other leaders such as Manin in Venice and, briefly, the Pope in 1848-49 had very limited success. None of these gained universal support from inside or outside Italy and crucially lacked military power. However, the role of nationalists, especially Garibaldi, should not be underestimated. Garibaldi played a crucial role in Cavour’s later years and he continued to aim at the incorporation of Rome. Candidates might point out that the final stages of unification (Venetia in 1866 and Rome in 1870) owed little to either Piedmont or to other Italian nationalists. To achieve the highest bands answers need not be evenly balanced between Piedmont and nationalism but should be sound on each.

English Constitution Essays

English Constitution Essays English Constitution Essay English Constitution Essay The function of the tribunals and authorities in judicial reappraisal is to guarantee that Public governments act legitimately ; all such governments are capable to the regulation of jurisprudence and are non permitted to move ultra vires’ ( beyond their powers ) . The power that authorities has comes from powers granted to that authorization by legislative act or delegated statute law. The Human Rights Act 1988 ( HRA ) created an extra land s6 ( 1 ) doing it improper for public organic structures to move in manner that is incompatible with the European Convention on Human Rights. ( ECHR ) Since the 17th century. in the Case of Monopolies 1602 77 Erbium 1260 the tribunals have claimed the authorization to ask into the extent and bounds of the Crown’s common jurisprudence prerogative powers. Since 1700. the function of the tribunals in reexamining administrative and judicial determinations has been explained on the footing of the regulation of jurisprudence whereby any Act or determination was invalid because it was in breach of or unauthorised by the jurisprudence. or was beyond the range of the power given to the determination shaper by the jurisprudence ( Sunstein. 2001 ) . Restrictions of Judicial Review Judicial reappraisal is limited to the scrutiny of executive determination and determination made by authorities governments ; it is constitutional map of the High Court to guarantee that public organic structures and authorities do non move unlawfully. It acts non in order to give consequence to any private rights of the person who made the application but in order to carry through the function. It is the scrutiny of legal determination by public organic structure and it is non an entreaty whereby determination possibly substituted but reappraisal of that determination merely. Judicial reappraisal is merely concerned with the lawfulness and non with the virtues of determination. Attorney General V Fulham Corporation. ex relatione Yapp [ 1921 ] whereby the High Court granted declaration that the council had acted unlawfully and Cooper v Wandsworth Board of Works ( 1863 ) 14 CB NS 180 that the council had acted below the belt and had failed to exert their statutory power legitimately. The Primary Purpose of Judicial Review The primary intent of judicial reappraisal was summarised by Lord Lindley MR in Roberts V Gwyrfai District Council [ 1899 ] 2 CH 608. 614: I know of no responsibility of the Court which is more of import to detect. and no power of the Court which is more of import to implement. than its power of maintaining public organic structures within their rights. The instant populace and authorities organic structures go beyond their constitutional rights they act so to damage and domination of private individuals. and those persons are allowed to be protected from injury originating from such operations of public bodies ( Sunstein. 2001 p47 ) In the instance of Council of Civil Service Unions v Minister for the Civil Service [ 1985 ] AC 374 ( GCHQ Case ) . Lord Diplock observed that: The subject of every judicial reappraisal is judgement made by some individual or authorities organic structure whom I shall call the decision mker’ or else refusl by him to mke decision In latest old ages judicial reappraisal has extended to private organic structures which can be said to exert public map. R 5 City Panel of Takeover and Mergers. ex parte Datafin Ltd [ 1987 ] 2 QB 815Lord Diplock stated in the GCHQ instance. that three actions that give evidences for Judicial reappraisal are illegality. unreason and procedural improperness ( Merrill. 2001 ) . Illegality. for illustration authorities organic structure misinterpreting statute law Anismimic Ltd V Foreign Compensation [ 1969 ] 2 AC 147. or moving extremist vires ( moving beyond its prescribed power ) AG V Fulham Corporation instance. or doing judicial mistake of fact R V Secretary of State for Home Department. ex parte Khawaja [ 1984 ] AC 74. or unlawfully deputing power or shackling discretion Port of London Authority. ex parte Kynoch Ltd [ 1919 ] 1 KB 176 or where power is exercised by person who does non run into the makings laid down in the granting of power. the act must be considered illegal. Entick v Carrington ( 1765 ) 19 ST Tr 1030 and Allingham v The Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries [ 1948 ] 1 All ER 780. In Vine v The National Dock Labour Board [ 1957 ] AC 488 Lord Somervell of Harrow said that in make up ones minding whether there is such power. two factors have to be considered the nature of power and the character of the personIrrationality. the determination of public organic structure is irrational if it is so unreasonable that no sensible organic structure could hold come to the decision Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v Wednesbury Corp [ 1948 ] 1 KB 223 or so hideous in its rebelliousness of logic or recognized moral criterions that no reasonable individual who applied his head to the inquiry could hold arrived at the decision’ Lord Diplock GCHQ instance. Unreasonableness includes moving for improper motivations. neglecting to take history of relevant considerations. neglecting to esteem the demands of natural justness and shackling discretion by following stiff policy. With unreason the tribunals have moved on from reexamining the processs by which determination has been made and proving its legality to replacing the court’s ain position on the virtues of the decisionThe criterion of rationality imposed by the tribunals is high. If the criterion were excessively low it would intend that judicial discretion was being substituted for administrative discretion ( Merrill. 2001 ) . However. the protection of human rights has allowed the tribunals to utilize legal power to use stricter trial than in other Wednesbury instances. R V Lord Saville of Newdigate ex parte Brind ( no 2 ) [ 1991 ] 1 All ER 720 ( Merrill. 2001 ) .

How To Write A Dialectical Essay Essays

How To Write A Dialectical Essay Essays How To Write A Dialectical Essay Paper How To Write A Dialectical Essay Paper â€Å"How to write a dialectical essay?† is a typical question for all students. The focus of the dialectical essay lies in the presentation of opposite attitudes towards the certain issue and different understandings of a problem. It presupposes objecting technique as well brainstorming with the aim to discover various ideas related to the topic. The essence of this type of essay is controversial. Throughout the writing process, one denies the certain fact, presents disputable arguments. The aim of the writer lies in the discovery of the new objectives of a well-known issue. The nature of the paper is rather philosophical. This type of assignment requires profound preparation. Like any other type of essay, it has its distinctive features and peculiarities. To satisfy all the needs of the content, it is necessary to follow the next tips. Primarily, the author will face the need to conduct a kind of small research with the aim to discover new angles and perspective of a given issue. To deliver sense-loaded dialectical essay, one has to be competent in the topic and well familiar with it. This assignment demands from student approaching the issue using different objectives. The paper explores a complex of solutions instead of dwelling upon a singular one. The aim of the task to write a dialectical essay is simple. When the supervisor asks you to prepare this task, it means he wants to estimate the flexibility of your thinking as well as the skills of clarifying thoughts concerning a certain subject. An author of a dialectical paper has to discover both positive and negative aspects of the issue and provide for and against points of view concerning the main thesis. The structural elements helping to write a dialectical essay There are the following constituents of the structure explaining how to write a dialectical essay. The dialectic essay should split into five paragraphs. Each abstract has its peculiarities. The introductory paragraph of the dialectic essay includes a thesis sentence. Your thesis statement nature should have two interpretations, meaning that it should be built in the way so that the author can approach it from two opposite angles. Further, in the paper one will have to supply the reader with the controversial points. The format of the intro should be short, and at the same time informative and catchy. In the regular essay, the main body consists of two-three paragraphs with the supporting or denying the main thesis argument. On the contrast, in a dialectic essay, the features differ. After the intro, the author writes the argument paragraph. Here the task is to present one argument, which supports the main thesis. You can provide the target audience with the number of reasons, why it is worth to support the main thesis. The next part is the objection paragraph. Here the task of the writer is to object the statements provided in the precious part of the essay. There is on the important nuance that the writer should be aware of. The objective section should not contain the sentences, the content of which denies the thesis or questions its correctness. It is possible to resent some reasons explaining why the thesis the introduction includes can be doubted. The third section of your essay’s body we call the response. In this part of the essay, the author responds to the statements from the objection section. You should specify it. Bear in mind the fact that you do not need to provide any new arguments. You have to demonstrate the critical approach. Tips on how to write a dialectical essay with the proper conclusion How to write a dialectical essay with the proper conclusion? The last segment of a dialectical essay structure is concluding part. Author has to approach this section of the essay seriously and responsibly. The task of the writer is to formulate the result of the debates, which he held throughout the whole composition. He has to decide which point of view is valid and deserves attention. There cases when the mixture of several points deserves to be right and credible. Moreover, a student has to present the proof that supports his position, sometimes even through the prism of opposing argumentation. In case, when the students change his point of view, he has to supply the target reader with the explanation. Author has to provide reasons and defend his position throughout the whole paper. As soon as you finish the essay, you have to read your composition, paying attention to the following things concerning the content. Primarily, the conclusion should support the thesis as well the argumentation section. The opposing arguments should not deny the main statement of the composition. However, they have to object the other arguments, which you provided in the dialectical essay. Bear in mind the fact that the nature of the essay is disputable and controversial. The main task of the student working on the assignment it to deliver plenty of ideas related to the particular topic. The next step is to arrange all the ideas in the way so that they will deny each other and create the illusion of dispute. The reader has to emerge in a sense and grasp the main idea. General suggestions and demands helping to write a dialectical essay To make your essay worth positive evaluation, you need to be aware of the main writing principles and peculiarities and stick to them. The dialectical paper is a type of essay, which approaches the question from two opposite angles. The conclusion implies the alternative point of view based on the data examined. The task of the writer is to seek for the contrasts, oppositions, and disputes. Then find the idea that combines all those pints and making it the central issue of the essay. While working on this paper, you have applied your dialectical thinking. The main task is to combine two opposite thoughts in one composition. The structural peculiarities of the essay allow mixing the controversial points of view and making your essay looking logically arranged and sense-loaded. Several techniques will assist you in the writing process. You can apply the pro and con collection grid. It will help you to arrange all the points correctly to avoid mixing the points of view in the essay. Moreover, you can use the brainstorming exercise in case you face the scarcity of ideas. With the help of it, you will compile a list of ideas, which will be applicable in the writing process. The format is also a significant criterion influencing the quality of the essay. It concerns the proper citing as well as the acceptable plagiarism rate and grammatical correctness. The average volume of the composition has to include 600-700 words. Facing the need to understand how to write a dialectical essay, do not panic. All you need to do is to be aware of the nature of this type of assignment, be familiar with the requirements of the structure and have flexible thinking. With the help of those success components, you will deliver a paper deserving the highest evaluation!

Biography of Jack Johnson, American Boxing Champion

Biography of Jack Johnson, American Boxing Champion Jack Johnson (March 31, 1878–June 10, 1946) was an American boxer who became the worlds first African-American heavyweight champion. He came to fame during the Jim Crow era, when the South was still racially segregated. Johnsons success in the ring made him one of the most famous African-Americans of his time. Fast Facts: Jack Johnson Known For: Johnson was an African-American boxer who reigned as the heavyweight champion from 1908 to 1915.Also Known As: John Arthur Johnson, Galveston GiantBorn: March 31, 1878 in Galveston, TexasParents: Henry and Tina JohnsonDied: June 10, 1946 in Raleigh, North CarolinaPublished Works: My Life and Battles (1914), Jack Johnson: In the Ring and Out (1927)Awards and Honors: International Boxing Hall of FameSpouse(s): Etta Terry Duryea (m. 1911-1912), Lucille Cameron (m. 1912-1924), Irene Pineau (m. 1925-1946) Early Life Jack Johnson was born John Arthur Johnson on March 31, 1878, in Galveston, Texas. His parents Henry and Tina Johnson were former slaves; his father worked as a janitor and his mother worked as a dishwasher. Johnson left school after only a few years and went to work at the docks. He later moved to Dallas, where he first began learning how to box, and then Manhattan, where he roomed with boxer Barbados Joe Walcott. Johnson eventually returned to Galveston, where he participated in his first professional match on November 1, 1898. Johnson won the fight. Boxing Career Johnson boxed professionally from 1898 through 1928 and in exhibition matches until 1945. He fought 113 fights, winning 79 matches, 44 of them by knockouts. He defeated Canadian Tommy Burns on December 26, 1908, in the World Boxing Championship held in Sydney, Australia. This began a quest to find a Great White Hope to defeat him. James Jeffries, a leading white fighter, came out of retirement to answer the challenge. The ensuing match- known as the Fight of the Century- took place on July 4, 1910, in Reno, Nevada, in front of a crowd of 20,000 people. The fight went on for 15 rounds, with Jeffries growing wearier and wearier. He was even knocked down- for the first time in his career- twice. His team decided to surrender to save Jeffries from having a knockout on his record. For the fight, Johnson earned $65,000. News of Jeffries defeat ignited numerous incidents of white violence against blacks, but black poet William Waring Cuney captured the exuberant African-American reaction in his poem â€Å"My Lord, What a Morning: O my Lord,What a morning,O my Lord,What a feeling,When Jack JohnsonTurned Jim JeffriesSnow-white faceto the ceiling. The Johnson-Jefferies fight was filmed and became one of the most popular motion pictures of the era. However, there was a strong movement to censor the film, as many people did not want to publicize the news of Johnsons victory. Johnson won the heavyweight title when he knocked out Tommy Burns in 1908, and he held onto  the title until April 5, 1915, when he was knocked out by Jess Willard in the 26th round of the world championship fight in Havana, Cuba. Johnson defended his heavyweight championship three times in Paris before his fight against Jess Willard.  He continued boxing professionally until 1938, when, well past his prime, he lost his final match to Walter Price. Johnson was known for his defensive fighting style; he preferred to gradually wear down his opponents rather than going for a knockout. With each passing round, as his opponents became more exhausted, Johnson would ratchet up his attacks until going for the final blow. Personal Life Johnson received bad publicity because of his three marriages, all to Caucasian women. Interracial marriages were prohibited in most of America at the time. He was convicted of violating the Mann Act in 1912 when he transported his wife across state lines before their marriage and was sentenced to a year in prison. Fearing for his safety, Johnson escaped while he was out on appeal. Posing as a member of a black baseball team, he fled to Canada and later to Europe and  remained a fugitive for seven years. Wrench Patent In 1920, Johnson decided to return to the U.S. to serve his sentence. It was during this time that, searching for a tool that would tighten or loosen nuts and bolts, he made improvements  to the design of the monkey wrench. Johnson received a patent for his innovations in 1922. Johnson’s wrench was unique in that it could be easily taken apart for cleaning or repair and its gripping action was superior to that of other tools on the market at the time. Johnson is credited with coining the term â€Å"wrench.† Later Years After his release from prison, Jack Johnsons boxing career declined. He worked in vaudeville to make ends meet, even appearing with a trained flea act. He opened a night club in Harlem in 1920; it was later purchased from him and renamed the Cotton Club. Johnson wrote two memoirs, Mes Combats in 1914, and Jack Johnson: In the Ring and Out in 1927. Death On June 10, 1946, Johnson was in an automobile accident near Raleigh, North Carolina, after speeding away from a diner where he was refused service. He was rushed to the nearest black hospital, where he died at the age of 68. Johnson was buried in Graceland Cemetery in Chicago. Legacy Johnson was inducted into the Boxing Hall of Fame in 1954, followed by the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1990. His career inspired numerous people, including heavyweight champion Muhammed Ali and jazz trumpeter Miles Davis, who recorded an album in 1971 called A Tribute to Jack Johnson. The 1910 film of Johnsons famous fight against James Jefferies was added to the National Film Registry in 2005. Johnsons life was the inspiration for the 1970 film The Great White Hope. On May 24, 2018, President Donald Trump issued a posthumous pardon for Johnsons 1912 conviction. Trump called the heavyweight champion one of the greatest that ever lived and a truly great fighter. Sources Johnson, Jack.  Jack Johnson: in the Ring and Out. Kessinger Pub., 2007.â€Å"Remarks by President Trump at Pardoning of John Arthur ‘Jack’ Johnson.† The White House, The United States Government.Ward, Geoffrey C.  Unforgivable Blackness: The Rise and Fall of Jack Johnson. Yellow Jersey Press, 2015.

The Articles of Confedration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Articles of Confedration - Essay Example The Articles of Confederation served as the actual system of government which was used by the Congress till the time it became de jure by final sanction in the year 1781. It was then that the Congress became the Congress of the Confederation at that time. The Articles of Confederation basically prescribed the rules that went in the different operations of the US Confederation. What these Articles of Confederation did were to plan different issues like the aspects of discussing war and ordering the army to go ahead with the attack processes, negotiating different matters pertaining to diplomatic agreements and the like as well as resolving the problems that came in the way of the western territories and this indeed was a huge issue if seen in the proper contexts. Also what the Articles of Confederation did was to undertake proper measures which could understand the borrowing aspects related with the inside and outside of US that were taking place. There were some criticisms as well which came in the way of the Articles of Confederation. One such was that the critics raised different viewpoints in the wake of the creation of a mighty central state as it was thought of to be lacking a taxing authority and related basis. Thus the role of the federal government in such a situation is to ask for more and more funds from the different states. Then there was another ambiguity in the form of a concern that the one-state, one-vote aspect was somewhat mind-boggling to state the least and it created problems for the Articles of Confederation’s basis by all measures and means. There needed to be a change within the relevant basis so that the Articles of Confederation could be thought of as being pretty easier and less ambiguous than anything else. The larger states were requested to offer more than what the smaller states had to give at the end of the

International Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words - 1

International Marketing - Essay Example This essay stresses that along with these strategies, the report also presents a comprehensive description of the human resource strategies along with the suggested mode of entry for the brand. Various macro-environmental and micro-environmental factors have also been addressed in this report, which were identified as relevant to the proposed international marketing plan. Concerning the challenges likely to be witnessed when implementing this plan along with the opportunities and the benefits to be obtained, it can be affirmed that high growth prospects persists within the Indian consumer technology industry owing to the flexible Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) policies and lesser competition. Furthermore, the analyses presented through this report also reveal that an increasing consumer demand is also identifiable within the Indian market which further strengthens the marketing proposal. This paper makes a conclusion that with reference to the above discussion, it can be apparently observed that the proposed marketing plan can be effective subjected to certain aspects. The most crucial aspect which needs to be taken into concern when applying the proposed marketing plan is the uncertainty witnessed currently in the technology consumer market in India as well as that in the global industrial context. In this regard, it becomes quite vital for the company to make continuous evaluation and projection of its operations as well as strategic implications in order to ensure long-run profitability and sustainability in the targeted market.

FM demodulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

FM demodulation - Essay Example The PLL has a voltage-controlled oscillator, a phase detector, and a low pass filter connected in a feedback loop. The input voltage determines the frequency of oscillation at the output of the VCO (Sedra 1998). This fosc is equal to the intermediate frequency fi required to be 470 kHz in this case. The circuit is built on a proto board according to the block diagram shown fig1 bellow; The components required are; CD 4046 CMOS Phase-Lock Loop (PLL) integrated circuit Resistors of values; 1k, 10k, 18k (2). Capacitors of values; 0.1?F, 0.01?F, 3900pF and, Breadboard. The actual circuit is realized according to the circuit shown in fig 2 bellow. The circuit components in the PLL providing a centre frequency of 470 kHz are determined according to the equation, fosc = 1/2Ð ¿RC. Therefore 470000Hz*2Ð ¿ = 1/RC and taking R = 100K then 1/C =470000* 2Ð ¿*100000= 3.386pF and the preferred value is 3400nf. The capture range is given by 2fc=1/Ð ¿ (2Ð ¿fL/R1)1/2 and for audio the maximum ran ge is 20 kHz and R1 = 1k therefore the frequency of the filter is given by; (2*20000*Ð ¿) 2 = 2Ð ¿fL/R1 fL= (2*2000*Ð ¿)2*1000/2Ð ¿ = 25.136 GHz and so the filter components are obtained as shown bellow; 25.136*109 = 1/2Ð ¿RfCf and with Rf taken as 18K then Cf = 1/ (25.136*109*2Ð ¿*18000) = 35176.4pF The lock in range is given by fmax – fmin and; fmin= 1/R2(C1+32PF) = 1/10000(3900+32)*10^-12 = 25432.35Hz fmax = 1/R1(C1+32PF) + fmin = 1/1000(3900+32)*10^-12 +25432.35 = 279755.85 Hz Hence lock in range = 254323.5 Hz. Also, capture range 2fc = (2K0fpVDD)1/2 K0 =VDD/2= 15/2 =7.5 2fc = (2*7.5*25432.5*15)1/2 = 7564.6Hz Discussion Did the loop demodulate NBFM? The loop demodulates narrow band FM that occupies the frequency range of 0-15kHz as this frequency range lies within the capture range and the lock range of the circuit. Could it be used to demodulate WBFM without any alteration? The loop demodulate the wide band FM as the low pass filter above has a value of 25.136 GHz, which is well above the capture range of WBFM, which is customarily around 10.7 MHz with a system bandwidth of 200 kHz. This bandwidth is within the centre frequency range of 470 kHz (Alencar 2005) What happened to the lock-in and capture range when the loop components were altered? The capture range is low if the cut off frequency of the filter is lower; this is achieved by varying the filter components i.e. using large filter capacitance, and resistor values. On the other hand, the capture range is made large by using lower values of filter components thereby increasing the cut off frequency (Carlson 2002). A wider capture range is desirable as it enables demodulation of WBFM while a small capture range is desirable as it enables the attenuation of high frequency components thereby improving the signal to noise ratio of the system. The lock-in range follows the above relation, as it is also directly proportional to the filter cut off frequency. How would you modify the PLL in ord er to demodulate WBFM? From the relation of WBFM, 2fc = (2K0fpVDD)0.5 it is seen that the capture range 2fc is directly

Culture and Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Culture and Change - Essay Example Usual change condition in an organisation is generated by the forces such as rationalising, reconsidering the methods of conducting business, increasing outsourcing, developing methods for minimising time and acquisition among others. Organisational Dynamics The worth of change in organisations is embedded in financial organisational performance. Financial approaches concentrate on shareholders and consumers as the most significant stakeholders and involve objective analogy in effective, reliable and manageable performance procedures presented on a mutual stage. Organisational change is not viable if it is not rooted in the improvement of human resources. As human resource experts are walking into the role of change leader in organisations increasingly, an understanding to change dynamics has become gradually more important. Organisational change is often considered as quick or slow and actively recognised or unwaveringly opposed by employees in organisations. These characteristics f ocus on emerging human resource dynamics of change which are resistance to change, willingness for change and establishment of drive for change. The hindrance to organisational change is more frequently inherent in organisation’s structure such as performance appraisal system or remuneration scheme which are not associated appropriately with expected behaviour of employees (Jansen, 2000). The essay concentrates on one emerging aspect of human resource dynamics of organisational change i.e. resistance to change. The paper considers the themes such as organisational culture, psychology of change, leadership, politics, power, learning, change agents and theories of organisational change with respect to human resource dynamic. The objective of the paper is to evaluate how human resource dynamic influences and facilitates to manage change within organisation. Resistance to Change Resistance to change is one of the major aspects of organisation dynamics which impacts upon change wi thin organisations. Resistance among employees occur when they find it difficult to recognise or evaluate the situation of organisation. Besides, resistance also happens when organisational change threatens the present circumstances and increases the concern about fictional outcomes after change. Occasionally, the self-centredness of employees, for instance, lack of future vision, lack of aptitude and anxiety of repositioning of work structure also fuel the resistance to change. Recognising the reasons for resistance help organisations to prevent disasters and improve the organisational change procedure (Yuh-Shy, n.d.). Organisation Culture and Change Organisational culture is the sole and the most significant aspect liable for success or failure in an organisation. Organisational culture is considered as an adaptable or core metaphor for intellectualising organisation. Culture is a mechanism related with fulfilling of particular requirements of the employee force. Organisational cu lture is viewed as governable by management and it contributes to the overall equilibrium and efficiency of organisation. In

Value and Meaning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Value and Meaning - Essay Example Nozick also states that as human beings, we are always looking for a way to find unity and value and to make ourselves and our lives valuable. He says that we also want our lives and ourselves to have this organic unity (165). He says that the diversity comes to us from us wanting to do a myriad of things with our lives and to take in many different ideas and activities. This means that some of us will have meaning from things that are intrinsic to our selves (e.g. deep meaning within us) while others will see value and meaning in those things that are outside ourselves. Value can have many meanings. Nozick suggests that value is something intrinsic in an individual or in a thing. Value is within someones own boundaries while meaning is something that is connected beyond the specific boundaries that people have within their lives (166). He suggests that meaning is limited by the way that people think of it. People are concerned that meaning has limits and therefore it does. This translates to people thinking that their lives are limited. In order to actually find true meaning for someones life they must understand that there are no limits and that they can do whatever they want in order for their life to have the meaning that they seek (166). However, meaning can also be integrated into value if we connect with things that we also feel are important to us. He says that we also see limitations because we know that we will ultimately die and this will be the ending of us. Even the universe will eventually change its form by dying in some sort of massi ve heat, which ultimately brings its destruction. In my opinion, it is difficult to get past the limitations that we set in our lives because of this believe that things must be limited. A lot of self-help books and other materials state that we are not limited and we have only to understand this so that we can live a life of abundance and prosperity; the challenge is that most people do not believe

Democratic states have historically been fouded upon the exclusion of Essay

Democratic states have historically been fouded upon the exclusion of women. What, if anything, does this tell us about the nature of democracy as a system of g - Essay Example This remains the case even today, if the discourses on democracy are not restricted to the mere exercise of the right to vote or to hold an office. The idea of democracy dates back to the ancient Greek and Roman forms of governance and a prototype of the modern democratic government were perhaps found in India, in the 6th Century BC. However, the ideological elements of a democratic state are still in the developing stage, as the concerns of various minority sects emerge every day. In all the ancient forms of democracy, the right to participate in the governance and policy decisions was restricted to certain privileged sects, mostly men. In ancient Greece and Rome, women and slaves were excluded from the running of the government of the people, where the idea of ‘people’ was attributed solely to free men. In ancient India, though women were given ample opportunity for education and participation in the theoretical aspects of governance, they were prohibited from the actual material aspects of it, thereby denying them any agency in the system. The Middle Ages focused on the limited participation of people in the gov ernance, where the traditional hegemonic structure of nations was mainly decided by the clergy. Even in the 18th and 19th Century when the United States emerged as a liberal democracy, the ostensibly democratic rights reserved for the white adult male citizens left out various ethnic minorities and women from active participation in the system. The historically exclusive nature of democratic ideals had even been transformed to strong and open dictatorships in the early part of Twentieth Century, but the Second World War led to a lot of introspective analyses that brought back the idea of democracy both a system of government and as an ideology that reflects the general quality of life in every sphere. The nature of democracy, in its Aristotelian and historically developed terms, relates to the participation of people

Value and Meaning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Value and Meaning - Essay Example Nozick also states that as human beings, we are always looking for a way to find unity and value and to make ourselves and our lives valuable. He says that we also want our lives and ourselves to have this organic unity (165). He says that the diversity comes to us from us wanting to do a myriad of things with our lives and to take in many different ideas and activities. This means that some of us will have meaning from things that are intrinsic to our selves (e.g. deep meaning within us) while others will see value and meaning in those things that are outside ourselves. Value can have many meanings. Nozick suggests that value is something intrinsic in an individual or in a thing. Value is within someones own boundaries while meaning is something that is connected beyond the specific boundaries that people have within their lives (166). He suggests that meaning is limited by the way that people think of it. People are concerned that meaning has limits and therefore it does. This translates to people thinking that their lives are limited. In order to actually find true meaning for someones life they must understand that there are no limits and that they can do whatever they want in order for their life to have the meaning that they seek (166). However, meaning can also be integrated into value if we connect with things that we also feel are important to us. He says that we also see limitations because we know that we will ultimately die and this will be the ending of us. Even the universe will eventually change its form by dying in some sort of massi ve heat, which ultimately brings its destruction. In my opinion, it is difficult to get past the limitations that we set in our lives because of this believe that things must be limited. A lot of self-help books and other materials state that we are not limited and we have only to understand this so that we can live a life of abundance and prosperity; the challenge is that most people do not believe

United States History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

United States History - Essay Example Firstly it is the case that the civil rights act in 1964 made it illegal to engage in any type of job discrimination and eliminated segregation initiatives at the federal level. Secondly the Voting Rights Act in 1965 guaranteed that minorities could be allowed to register to vote and prohibited hindrance of voting through the elimination of voter qualification tests. Lastly there was the Immigration and Nationality Services Act in 1965 which eliminated regional quotas on immigrants. In terms of the anti poverty legislation that was enacted, anybody who is familiar with Lyndon Johnson recognizes that he came from a very modest background in rural Texas and from this perspective, Johnson enacted the Office of Economic Opporunity which was a grass roots initiative to find sources for over three billion dollars appropriated to be spent over three years from 1964. Lastly there was the Higher education act in 1965 which significantly increased money given to state universities and created a number of scholarships. In this regard there have been a number of successes however one of the major downfalls of this initiative is that a great deal of money that was earmarked for these massive programs quickly tapered off after the Vietnam war began and as such one could argue that the war declared on racial injustice and poverty took a backseat to an actual war. A#2) The role that President Nixon and his advisors had in the illegal and unethical activities of the Watergate scandal are numerous. Ultimately it became clear that the break-ins were committed by five members of the Committee to Re-Elect the President who were ultimately funded by a kind of slush fund earmarked for he collecting of intelligence against democrats. The goal was to break into the Democratic National Committee’s office and steal important communications. While to connection to higher

Transnational companies Essay Example for Free

Transnational companies Essay Country H could concentrate completely on production of good X or of good Y, X = f(L + K) Y = g(L + K) but by doing so they would be using resources in production of one good that might be better used in production of the other. Therefore the production possibility frontier is concave. Note also that because country H is well endowed with capital, it can produce more of capital-intensive good Y than labour intensive good X, hence the bias in the curve towards production of Y. Because competitive firms wish to maximise profits, we can assume they will produce at some point along this PPF. The utility maximising consumers decide where. An important assumption made by economists in many trade models is that of community indifference curves (CIC). We can take an aggregate of all individual indifference curves to make a set of CIC. As long as trade is not allowed, production will take place at wherever the PPF is tangent to the CIC that is furthest from the origin. This is our autarkic point. One final point to make is that at this point the price ratio is equal to the slope of the PPF or the marginal rate of transformation (MRT). Mathematically, p = px/py = MRT =Â  Y/? X (where px and py equal the respective prices of X and Y). Thus for given production functions and community preferences in autarky country H will produce and consume at Ah. Similarly with opposite factor endowments but facing the same production functions and community preferences, country F will produce and consume at Af. Allowing free trade means that producers face a new international price ratio as a result of the equalisation of prices. They now have an incentive to produce more of what they can export because the can receive a higher price for it. The Heckscher-Ohlin theorem states that a country will export the good which intensively uses its relatively abundant factor. (Markusen et al 1995, p. 106). So in country H, the price of good Y will rise while that of good X falls, causing consumers to prefer good X. Producers of X however see higher profits can be made by producing good Y and because factors are intersectorally mobile, they can do so. The resulting surplus of Y can be exported at the international price level. Finally, consumption will occur where the international price ratio is tangent to the CIC furthest from the origin. Another consequence of free trade is the equalisation of factor returns. This is the consequence that labour unions in the developed world are concerned about. In our example, country H (we shall now assume to be the U. S. ) experiences an increase in the price of capital-intensive good Y (which might be aeroplanes) and a decrease in price of labour-intensive good X (for example textiles). The important consequence of different factor endowments in the two countries is that the resulting price ratios of goods X and Y are different. Therefore in country H, capital-intensive good Y is relatively cheap and labour-intensive good X is relatively expensive with the opposite being true in country F. Lowering the barriers to trade gives consumers in H access to the markets in country F, where they can buy the labour intensive good X more cheaply. Similarly, consumers in country F can buy good Y cheaply if they import it from country H. Producers in each country are then forced to adjust production to suit the new patterns of demand In questioning globalisation, Hirst and Thompson (1995) investigate the flows of capital around the world and show They suggest that negative consequences of this may include a reduction in the power of governments to control their own affairs. Although this is an important issue, worry from the perspective of an economist is the extreme pursuit of economic development with no consideration of health or ecological issues There are those who assert that globalisation is desirable and use economic theory to show that all countries concerned can benefit from an increase in trade. Alternatively there are those who question whether globalisation is really happening and conclude that there are not as yet trans-national companies who Julius (1990) and Ohmae (1990) claim that numerous TNCs within the developed world go wherever investors see a return on their investments. So during the 1980s a smart TNC would initiate operations in the emerging markets of Korea, Taiwan and Hong Kong. When confidence was broken in the 1990s it would withdraw its assets from East Asia and head for safer shores to take advantage of the new economy in the U. S. This leads many to think that by examining capital flows one can identify transnational companies.

Scheduling And Progress Monitoring Analysis Construction Essay

Scheduling And Progress Monitoring Analysis Construction Essay Effective project management is important in order to ensure that projects are delivered within budget, time and to the agreed quality. It demands a comprehensive understanding of the key stages, which are critical to success, in the life cycle of a construction project. In aid of achieving good planning takes time, but it ensures that the project will be on budget, on time and also risks are minimised. It makes sure that organisational values and client requirements are clear and understood. Good planning has as a result to reduce waste deliver better design. Furthermore, it helps the project team to manage better with risks as they happen, which otherwise possibly will cause greater delay and increased costs (Office of Government Commerce, 2003). This section describes the scheduling and progress monitoring activities for managing the project with supporting processes like as change control. The schedule is also known as the time plan. The project sponsor, through the project manager, is responsible for scheduling and monitoring progress. A programme, in the context of construction projects, is a schedule that identifies the work to be carried out as a series of activities and plots the time periods required to execute and complete each activity and the interdependencies between each activity (Office of Government Commerce, 2003). Schedule is a diagrammatic representation of activities and their time relationship. Also, schedule is known as project programme. (Construction Industry Council, 1996). A programme also controls resources needed and their availability. It is essential to know possible risks or problems. The project manager must check the schedule and progress monitoring against progress already achieved in aid of understanding where difficulties and risks are possibly to arise and to establish different course of action in order to reduce their impact. (Office of Government Commerce, 2003). Risk management is a core process within any business or organization regardless of size, activity or sector. Individuals and organizations can lose substantial sums of money as a result of not paying sufficient attention to the identification and management of threats to their goals and to the projects they commission. Similarly, full advantage cannot be taken of potentially beneficial opportunities arising in the course of their activities if these are not recognized in good time. The project sponsor must be capable to identify those tasks that lie on the critical path. Critical path is the shortest possible time based on hypothesis about the tasks to be carried out and the resources available. Time for the processes should be integrated as specific activities in the schedule of the project. The schedule is an estimate that is based on considered assumptions on issues such as likely risk (Office of Government Commerce, 2003). Some estimation might prove to be wrong. Some deviations might be expected but these will accepted if they do not affect the critical path and the project is finished on time. Techniques include bar and Gantt charts and network planning help with progress monitoring. Bar and Gantt charts define an uncomplicated view of activities aligned with timetables. Network planning is especially useful for complex projects because it links dependent activities in a logical order (Office of Government Commerce, 2003). The project sponsor must make an effort in order that final schedule to be simple and straightforward. The networks of activities of the final schedules, and the interrelationships between them should be sophisticated and comprehensive. They must be rapidly understood of the project sponsor that is why color-coded bar charts are used as management control documents (Office of Government Commerce, 2003). Schedule planning tasks The project manager must report on schedule planning to the project sponsor on behalf of the project team. The project manager must produce a work breakdown structure (WBS). WBS defines the work content of the project in terms of basic elements, work packages, generic tasks and detailed tasks (Office of Government Commerce, 2003). The main schedule planning must show how elements affect each other. It defines activities and also establishes the logical relationships of the activities. It determines the work content, the duration and the required resources of each activity. Furthermore, it also defines the critical path, which determines the duration of the project. Finally, it can optimize the time plan by resource leveling. Resource leveling compares the calculated requirements with those actually available and recalculates the network to spread resources more evenly (Office of Government Commerce, 2003). Progress monitoring Progress monitoring includes reviewing monthly progress reports produced by the project manager with others in the integrated project team (Office of Government Commerce, 2003). Progress monitoring must focus on critical activities and warn the SPOs attention in the proper time in order to appropriate actions to be taken as soon as possible. The project sponsor must understand the total rate of the whole progress in order to judge the forecast completion date. In order to measure the progress, the percentage completion of an activity can be measure in terms of cost and time. The planned progress must be compared with the actual progress. Also progress can be measure the work in progress by taking account of milestones of the project. Any impact on critical must be checked in order to finish the project on time. Furthermore progress can be monitored by the payment progress and from resources still required. (Office of Government Commerce, 2003). An essential element of process monitoring is the process of tome control. A time control system can cover time budget, time plan and time checking. Time budget represents the overall project duration as developed by specific constrains of the project in the contract strategy. It is the period which fixed one time and from that moment becomes one of the most important parameters for management of the project. Time plan is a division of total time into interlinked time allowances for identifiable activities, which can be defined start and finish points. Time checking is monitoring the time actually spent on each activity and compared it with the allowance in the time plan. If any divergence is identified, it must be reported as soon as possible. (Office of Government Commerce, 2003). In the case that an activity on the critical path exceeds its time allowance later activities must re-sequenced, or try to shorten the planned time for future critical activities by increasing the resources (extra cost) for the specific activities. If neither is possible to be done, the project will finish late. The project sponsor must understand that time control is as essential during the planning stages as the construction stages of the project. (Office of Government Commerce, 2003). Progress reports Progress reports are essential reports in the whole process of the project, because they keep the project sponsor informed about the project progress. They discover problems and choices for their resolution. Additionally, they provide the necessary information to enable the project sponsor to make decisions on time. Progress reports demonstrate that the integrated project team executes their responsibilities properly and that the management processes procedures and controls are operating successfully. They provide an authority, and a communication tool in a simple and comprehensive format, for the whole project team. Furthermore they provide a time reference for meetings and plans. In addition the gathering of statistics by the department permits external monitoring and identify best practice and support of improvement in performance. (Office of Government Commerce, 2003). Change control Change can be handled most successfully through project planning and control. Change for any reason must be treated as a project risk. Changes to design, especially after contract award, are one of the major causes of time and cost overruns and poor value for money. Changes arise mainly as a result of unclear or ambiguous project definition, poor communication, inadequate time spent in project planning and risk management, or changing circumstances (Office of Government Commerce, 2003). Changes can be reduced by making sure that the project brief is comprehensive and has the stakeholders agreement. They can be minimized by taking account of present and proposed legislation. Furthermore, early discussions with stakeholders must be done in the early stages in order to anticipate their requirements. Site investigations and conditions surveys must be undertaken early in the stages. The designs must adequately develop early in the project and definably before constructions plans are committed. Finally, a proactive project management in order to identify and managing risks will have as a result to minimize changes (Office of Government Commerce, 2003). A change control procedure must consider the factors, which will mention below, before approval is given for the change. It must taking account of the reasons for the change, and for its source, which is responsible for wanting the change. The consequences of the change in terms of quality, cost and time. It must consider the risks and their impacts associated with the change. In addition, alternatives to the proposed change must be evaluated properly. It must checked proposals for avoiding time overrun and source of funding of any cost overrun. Finally, it must consider client approval for the change. After a detailed evaluation of the change confirms that it offers value of money and that the client accepts any impacts the approval of the change is given by SRO. Furthermore, the investment decision maker will approve any additional funding which exceeds the amount allowed in the risk allowance.