Globalization Of The International Labour Organization

Introduction According to the International Labour Organization (2003), the term ‘globalization’ is used in diverse ways, but the major idea behind the term is progressive integration of societies and economies; the progressiveness is motivated by new economic relationships, new technologies, and various national as well as international policies of an array of players and entailing international organizations, governments, labor, business, and civil society. This implies that there are two aspects to the globalization process; first, it refers to various factors like trade, technology, financial decisions, fluent communication and proper flow of information; these factors are the primary reason that brings a society together as a family and all the citizens as family members (International Labour Organization, 2003). Second, it refers to institutions and policies, which integrate various countries and economies such as trade or capital market, international standards and rights of l abors, behavior and other issues in the companies towards labor, property rights (via agreements) etc. that operate at both a national and an international level (International Labour Organization, 2003). Both aspects of globalization demonstrate that the term was coined for a progressiveness of society; therefore, it both influences and is influenced by society. Whether the impacts of globalization are primarily positive or negative is still uncertain; this essay will seek to answer thatShow MoreRelatedGlobalization : The Globalization Story1361 Words   |  6 PagesThe Globalization Story Most portrayals of globalization emphasize a natural and progressive view of increased international integration as a result of developments in transport and communication. As this occurs, it is important to remember that such integration is part of the larger historical process of industrialization and, like industrialization, globalization is the product of choices made by powerful actors. As a result of these choices, life has changed all over the world, but these changesRead MoreGlobalization and the Nation State Essay1633 Words   |  7 PagesGlobalization Ââ€" Struggles of the Nation-State and Issues of Equality Economic growth in globalization is often due to rapid technological advancements and changes in the gathering of information and communications. Globalization has always existed but todays globalization has been a much more rapid and intense process than in the past. The question here is whether todays globalization weakens the nation state and whether or not it undermines national control over the economy. We are trying toRead MoreThe Impact Of Labour Flexibility On The International Management Of Human Resources1741 Words   |  7 Pagesimplications of labour flexibility on the international management of Human Resources. Introduction In order to sustain in the business market and meet the consumer demands, the organizations and the employers of 21st century are required to come up with new methods and unbeatable prices of products and services. Moreover due to the emergence of globalisation, these organizations are bound to apply cost-cutting approach (lower wage approach), which influences the shifts in workforce composition, labour utilizationRead MoreIs Globalization Good for Workers? Definitions and Evidence from Latin America1118 Words   |  5 Pageseconomists, globalization is seen as a beneficial asset for workers, while on the other hand, various sociologists, anthropologists, and historians would beg to differ. Several data determines that even though globalization has increased average incomes in Latin America, the cases of employment quality still tend to be deteriorating. It is important to note the different dimensions of the effect globalization has caused and mechanisms that either benefit or har m workers in changes found within labour demandRead MoreThe Impact Of Management On The Globalization Of Business900 Words   |  4 Pagesmanagement in the globalization of business. The multinational corporation The impact of globalization on international business International business refers to a wide range of business activities undertaken across national borders. Along with rapidly increasing globalization, international business has become a popular topic and has drawn the attention of business executives, government officials and academics. International business is different from domestic business. At the international level, theRead MoreThe Welfare State and Government Responses to Economic Openness1668 Words   |  7 Pagescapital across borders. With the rise of globalization, positive effects have resulted from economic openness. The widespread benefits of globalization have resulted in global economic growth, prosperity, and have increased the overall standard of liv ing in the world. However, globalization has also been blamed as being the principal culprit for numerous global problems including poverty, wealth disparity, and environmental degradation. The debate over globalization has resulted in a zero-sum game betweenRead MoreOver the last couple of years, the world has become increasingly globalized. After the cold war,900 Words   |  4 Pagesprocess of globalization. The effect of globalization is uneven in different parts of the world and globalization suggests a world full of persistent cultural interaction and exchange, contacts and connection, mixture and movement. Different people view globalization in different ways. Some people feel it has done more good than harm, while others believe it has done more harm than good. This essay will give a deep intuitive understanding of globalization, world systems, and how globalization has affectedRead MoreGlobalization And Competitiveness : The Impact On Future University Of Alberta Bcom Grad uates Essay982 Words   |  4 Pages Globalization and Competitiveness: The Impact on Future University of Alberta Bcom Graduates Nickia Kwan 1468914 University of Alberta Globalization and Competitiveness: The Impact on Future University of Alberta Bcom Graduates Globalization continues to impact how countries connect with each other. This impact can clearly be seen in changing social, technological and economic spheres. As globalization continues to expand its influence, it results in greater international competitionRead MoreRules On How It Could Be Connected867 Words   |  4 Pagesrules on how it could be connected. Suggestions can likewise be self-governing, i.e. not connected to any convention. Conventions and proposals are drawn up by agents of governments, bosses, and specialists and are received at the ILO s yearly International Labor Conference. Once a standard is embraced, part states are required under the ILO Constitution to submit them to their skilled power (regularly the parliament) for thought (Hughes Haworth, 2011). On account of traditions, this implies thoughtRead MoreFast Fashion, And The Corporate Globalization Essay927 Words   |  4 PagesGlobalization is changing the way we look at the world, and our connections to one another; we have become global citizens but in the process created divisions in the race of humanity. Fast fashion, and the corporate globalization; are aiding in causing the biggest divisions between people. With the growing demand of cheap and affordable fashion is constantly on the climbing causing producers to find more cost efficient, and faster ways to produce their clothing. Developed countries are don’t seem

Essay about China’s Water Supply Problems And The Solutions

People often think that water will never be used up. There is plenty of water, such as rain, water from the rivers and wells. It seems as if water is always available around us and we never have to worry about water shortage. In fact water is rather limited on the earth. With the rapid increase of population and fast development of industries, water is more needed than before. At the same time, a large amount of water has been polluted and wasted every day. Some big cities in China are facing the problem of water shortage already. There, water supply is controlled and industry has been restrained. China says water supplies exploited by 2030 written by Chris Bukley reports: China will have exploited all available water supplies to the†¦show more content†¦Nevertheless, much remains to be achieved. A staggering 300 million Chinese still do not have access to an improved source of water supply, and about 750 million do not have access to improved sanitation. Progress in rural areas appears to lag behind what has been achieved in urban areas. There are also operational problems. For example, many wastewater treatment plants do not operate properly, thus limiting the positive impact of the major investments made on the environment. Water supply and sanitation in the Peoples Republic of China From MedBib.com - Medicine Nature Peoples Republic of China: Water and Sanitation Data Water coverage (broad definition) 77% Sanitation coverage (broad definition) 44% Continuity of supply (%) Generally continuous, but seasonal shortages in some areas [1] Average urban water use (liter/capita/day) 204 (2005) [2] Average urban water and sewer bill for 20m3 US$ 3.5/month for water only [3] Share of household metering 90% [4] Share of collected wastewater treated 52% Annual investment in WSS about US$ 10 / capita (2006) in urban areas [5]. Share of self-financing by utilities close to zero Share of tax-financing about 35% (from city budgets) Share of internal debt financing 55-60% Share of foreign financing 5-10% Institutions Decentralization to municipalities Full National water and sanitation company No Water and sanitation regulator No Responsibility for policy settingShow MoreRelated Water Shortages in China: Problems and Solutions Essays1119 Words   |  5 PagesMany people know that water is essential for human-being and it is not only valuable for health and life, but water is also important for industry and agriculture. Furthermore, use of water has a spiritual, cultural and recreational dimension. However, water resources are not infinite. Wide and inefficient use of water resources can lead to irreversible consequences, such as water shortage. This essay will firstly discuss the problem of water shortage on examples of developed and developing countriesRead MoreAnalysis Of Michael Auslins The Filth They Breathe In China747 Words   |  3 Pagesair and water, and the extinction of wildlife species due to contamination have overtaken the western world. In an excerpt, titled â€Å"The Filth They Breathe in China,† taken from American historian, Michael Auslin’s book, the author focuses on the na tion where, due to its rapid industrial growth, these effects of pollution are most prominent, China. In his article, Auslin, uses anecdotes, uses strong diction, and uses appeals to logic and credibility in order to capture the enormity of China’s pollutionRead MoreEssay about The Global Water Shortage1260 Words   |  6 Pages One of the biggest problems in the world is water scarcity. Almost all countries suffer from it and many of them cannot find the most effective solution to avoid this difficulty. The meaning of the world water crisis is very easy to understand, but solving it is very difficult. The amount of world water is limited, as the population is growing fast; the necessity of water use is growing even faster. This essay will examine the water crisis specifically in China, because it is the countryRead MoreChinas Water Shortage1211 Words   |  5 PagesThe Problem China is a region that has experience substantial growth over the years in areas of industry, living standards, and population. But this success has resulted in the depletion of one of the greatest natural resources water. Industrial growth means an increase demand for water used in production processes and much of the water being used is not being reclaimed. A higher living standard means a greater demand for electricity that is lowering water levels in rivers used for generation. TheRead MoreIs China A Water Solution?914 Words   |  4 Pagesthis water crisis for decades yet have not anything extremely effective to combat the turmoil as a result of a corrupt government, political issues and lack of money in cities needing help the most. The state have made evident effort to combat water shortages yet limited efforts have been made to improve their water quality, consequently resulting in the water pollution worsening. The Chinese government, to reduce the amount of toxic waste and sewage polluting drinking sources, has built water treatmentRead MoreCancer Villages : Living Of A Death Sentence1099 Words   |  5 PagesThe results spurred an international awareness to reduce the presence of pollution and its long-term effects. Unfortunately, the endeavors of the environmentalists did not stop the oppression of pollution, especially in China. More than 70% of China’s water resources house pollutants, and its air quality compares to â€Å"smoking 40 packs of cigarettes a day.† The severity of pollution in China has led to a modern phenomenon called ‘cancer villages.’ In these villages, typically located in a dominantRead MoreThe Consumption Of Low Quality Food Products1628 Words   |  7 Pagesguarantee safe food in the food market. As this problem relentlessly prevails, the people of China may lose faith in their government, thereby questioning the legitimacy of the central government in the future. Many Chinese food companies financial resource is gathered through the export of their products to other nations. Food exporters face the risk of financial loss if the Chinese food industries procure a bad reputation or if China’s food safety problems become a concern around the world. Major foodRead MoreThe Water Shortage in China Essay1116 Words   |  5 PagesWater shortage is a growing problem for most countries in the world. For China, which has 20% of world’s population and only 7% of available water resources, this problem may become catastrophic (Hofstedt 2010, 72). Therefore some actions and measures should be performed to avoid or at least to weaken future water crisis in China. In this work the following three solutions will be proposed and analyzed in terms of efficiency and applicability: water usage efficiency improvement; adopting the localRead MoreBusiness Ethics - Assessed student reflection on ‘FLOW: for love of water’667 Words   |  3 PagesWe have all heard of ‘bad’, unethical or immoral business practices. The FLOW documentary outl ines a number of unethical business practices in relation to water. Business Ethics provides some tools (moral frames) for explaining what makes certain business behaviours unethical, which can assist in ethical decision-making. After viewing FLOW, find a journal article that meets the following conditions: it is based on one of the moral frames listed in Q2 AND is relevant to one of the ethical issuesRead MoreIndia and China Overpopulation Essays1203 Words   |  5 Pagesaddition of one billion people every 12 years. Overpopulation creates an abundant amount of issues ranging from environmental and social problems. Nations attaining copious amounts of population introduce a wide array of problems to the world around and such nations. These environmental problems consist of but are not limited to lack of resources such as food and water; which may cause malnutrition in large populations, poor air quality, and overuse of fossil fuels such as petroleum. Social issues that

Computerized Inventory System free essay sample

Introduction Technology is dynamic. Todays generation people and other organizations depend and use modern technology. An inventory system is a system used to keep track of a businesss products and supplies. These programs are invaluable tools for most businesses because they are able to complete tasks quickly which would take much longer if done manually. These systems help keep personnel from wasting their time counting supplies and trying to manually determine which products to buy and sell. Manual Inventory System nvolves all concerns within its transactions, on how the staff would be able to maintain the current status of their inventory, whether adding, deleting, and ordering a stock, the manual process consumes too much time for the staff and rigid time to process a transaction. Every year, the demand for the computer based systems for the businesses keeps on growing. Companies have improved their old system for ease of work in accessing files and organizing records. We will write a custom essay sample on Computerized Inventory System or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Converting their old system into a much efficient computerized system, this will have a great effect on the organization; this also helps ase the work to the staff maintaining the inventory. The proponent constructed a study of a system that will help those personnel who are charge in the logistics office to organized and secure the files of the company and to immediately find information of product. Current State of Technology Todays world is constant and rapidly changing due to technology. There is always a new and improved way to do something. Technology is used in some form or fashion in everyday life. Why not prepare our employee to be efficient and better trained for jobs on this nearly computerized environment? There are already so many Jobs that ave been replaced by computers and robots. Why not let our employee contribute to this technical age? Many argue that technology enables us as humans, to be lazy. While that may hold some truth it is better to be knowledgeable and proficient in this area rather than being left behind. Company is no longer limited to simple reading, writing and arithmetic. The use of technology has expanded the prospect for education, giving us never ending possibilities. Therefore, technology deserves significant company attention in order for employee to possess technological survival skills. Computerized Inventory System By zhes-abina

Quality Circles free essay sample

Quality circles were first developed in the 1960s by a man named Kaoru Ishikawa in Japan. The Union of Japanese Scientists and Engineers (JUSE) were the ones who paid for the research that put the theories about behavior science and quality control together. A quality circle is a participatory management technique that enlists the help of employees in solving problems related to their own jobs. Circles are formed of employees working together in an operation who meet at intervals to discuss problems of quality and to devise solutions for improvements. A quality circle is a small voluntary group of employees and their supervisor(s), comprising a team of about 8 to 10 members from the same work area or department. Quality circles are useful because the members of the team are from the same workplace and face similar problems. This concept is a management tool that has many benefits for their own work environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Quality Circles or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some examples of those benefits are control and improvement of quality, more effective company communication, using employee problem solving capabilities, and more job involvement. Ron Basu and J. Nevan Wright, in their book  Quality Beyond Six Sigma  (another quality management technique) specified seven conditions for successful implementation of quality circles. These are summarized below: 1. Quality circles must be staffed entirely by volunteers. 2. Each participant should be representative of a different functional activity. 3. The problem to be addressed by the QC should be chosen by the  circle, not by management, and the choice honored even if it does not visibly lead to a management goal. . Management must be supportive of the circle and fund it appropriately even when requests are trivial and the expenditure is difficult to envision as helping toward real solutions. 5. Circle members must receive appropriate training in problem solving. 6. The circle must choose its own leader from within its own members. 7. Management should appoint a manager as the mentor of the team, charged with helping members of the circle achieve their objectives; but thi s person must not manage the QC. Example where the concept is used Quality circles can be used by large business and small groups. One example of a large firm using this concept is Xerox. Xerox has an annual teamwork day and because of a past teamwork day they were able to prevent 6500 tons of waste from going to a landfill. Their solution at the time of seeing the problem with the about of waste they were producing was a recycling program which worked. Conclusion Bibliography and electronic sources http://www. inc. com/encyclopedia/quality-circles. html

The Merchant of Venice essay free essay sample

Show how William Shakespeare in The Merchant of Venice uses juxtaposition, contrasting characterisation and foreshadowing to explore ideasMany literary devices can often be used to explore ideas. William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice has many plots and sub-plots with various underlying themes expressed through the use of literary devices. Shakespeare uses juxtaposing settings to display the theme of people being easily corrupted by the desire of wealth and losing sight of the value of their interpersonal relationships; contrasting characterisation to show that people are more similar than they are different; and foreshadowing to emphasize that arrogance can lead to ones downfall.William Shakespeare uses two juxtaposing settings to display that people are easily corrupted by the desire of wealth which causes them to lose sight of the value of relationships. Throughout the play, Shakespeare contrasts Venice and Belmont to show the effect setting plays in the disposition and nature of main characters such as Portia and Shylock. We will write a custom essay sample on The Merchant of Venice essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Portia is the embodiment of the calm and merciful nature of Belmont, whereas Shylock represents the greed of Venice as he would rather his †¦daughter were dead at my [Shylocks] feet wearing those jewels while Portia is willing to offer her wealth to save Antonio when she tells Bassanio to Pay him six thousand and cancel the debt. Id pay twelve thousand before Id let a friend like that suffer in the slightest because of you†¦. Belmont is an imaginary place ruled by women which is filled with tranquillity and unity, while Venice is the financial capital bustling with business and discrimination. The scenes constantly switch between Belmont and Venice during the course of the bond plot between Antonio and Shylock, and the casket plot between Portia and Bassanio. Within these juxtaposed settings, the nature of the characters is clearly seen as the purposeful juxtaposition of these two settings contrast the chaotic Venice and the peaceful, fantastical Belmont. This is shown in the case of the trial when Portia, disguised as a lawyer, displays her kindness when she tells Shylock that The quality of mercy is not strained. It droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven upon the place beneath. It is twice blest: It blesseth him that gives and him that takes†¦. This metaphor about mercy attempts to show Belmonts grace and mercy to Venice, a place ruled by the wealthy and the greedy. – what is ironical, resolution of the theme. Contrasting characterisation is the prominent foundation of the play. Although contrasting, Antonio and Shylock are more alike than they are different. As the play unfolds similarities in Antonio and Shylocks situation are made known as they both have lost someone close to them. Shylock has lost his daughter Jessica who eloped with Lorenzo, a Christian, while Antonio has lost Bassanio, a close friend, who embarked on a journey to win [Portia]. There is a contrast in their reaction to this loss as Shylock is furious and runs through the streets of Venice crying my daughter! Oh, my ducats! repeatedly. Although mocked by the majority, Shylock cares only for his money as he regarded her elopement as procession and mourned the loss of his precious jewels instead. Meanwhile, Antonio is accepting of Bassanios wishes as he aids him in his quest to pursue Portia, the Belmont heiress. Another contrast can be made in the way both Antonio and Shylock are represented in society. Although Shylock accounts, in the beginning of the play, the injustices done to him by Antonio such as spiting on him and calling him a dog, Antonio is praised by most people in society. Bassanio use hyperbole to describe his character as he is †¦the kindest man and most courteous to others. Meanwhile, Shylock, who appears not to have many friends throughout the play, is despised by even those close to him as Launcelot, his servant, uses simile to liken him to the devil while his daughter criticises his manner. Shylocks religious status and practise of usury is the main cause for his discrimination. However, through the use of rhetorical questions in Shylocks speech before the trial saying, Hath not a Jew eyes?.. . If you prick us, do we not bleed? If you tickle us, do we not laugh? And if you wrong us, do we not revenge , Shakespeare helps the audience understand the effect of discrimination and prejudice on the afflicted minority.Finally, foreshadowing is used to emphasise the idea of arrogance being the cause of ones downfall. This theme is constantly seen throughout the play, with the first example being when Antonio and Shylock agree on a penance in case Antonio is not able to repay the debt on time. Antonio agrees to the bond confidently saying that he †¦expect[s] return of thrice three times the value of this bond†¦. Antonio is certain that all his ship will return safely and will be able to easily repay the bond. However, his confidence is proven to be misplaced as more than half his ships were destroyed and Antonio ends up almost losing his life. Shylock knows of the uncertainty of Antonios wealth and makes the bond, knowing that there are many things that can happen during the ships voyage. Another example of foreshadowing is that of Jessicas monologue as Shylock bids her goodnight and takes his leave, with Jessica saying †¦Farewell; and if my fortune be not crost, I have a father, you a daughter, lost†¦. This foreshadows how Shylock will lose his daughter because of her elopement with Lorenzo which occurs later in the play. The last example is when Shylock stands before the court to claim his pound of flesh, confident that he can claim it and will be protected by the law. This is ironical since he ignores all pleads of mercy, foreshadowing how the court will overthrow the fulfilment of the bond.Throughout William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice, Shakespeare uses many literary techniques such as juxtaposition, contrasting characterisation and foreshadowing to highlight the subtle and underlying themes present in the play. Juxtaposition is used to display the theme of people easily losing sight of the value of their interpersonal relationships; contrasting characterisation is used to show that people are more alike than they are different; foreshadowing is used to emphasise that arrogance can lead to ones downfall.

ACT Score Range Whats Good

ACT Score Range What's Good SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you’re planning on taking the ACT, you’re probably wondering what you can expect in terms of scores. In this article, I’ll take you through the basics of how the test is scored, show you where your scores fall in relation to other students, and give you a few tips on how to plan your studying to meet your goals. ACT Score Range: The Basics On the ACT, your composite score can be anywhere from a 1 to a 36.Unlike the SAT, the composite score is not the sum of the scores of the other tests - it’s the average. The ACT has four sections: English, Math, Reading, and Science.Each one is also scored on a scale of 1 to 36, and the average of these four scores will make up your composite score. The ACT doesn’t have an incorrect answer penalty, so your raw score on each section is just the number of questions you get right. Any questions you answer incorrectly or omit will not count towards your score.English has 75 questions, Math has 60, Reading has 40, and Science also has 40. Check out this sample conversion chart to see how raw scores are converted to the final scores on a scale of 1-36: (note that different tests have different raw score to scaled score conversion charts, but this is generally the right idea). The ACT also has an optional essay, but the Writing section will not impact your composite score or any of your test subscores. You will get a score from 2 to 12 on your essay in four different assessment categories. Your total Writing score will be out of 36 just like the other sections.The ACT gives you an English Language Arts (ELA) score as well, which is the average of your English, Reading, and Writing subscores, but again, this doesn’t factor into your final composite score. Average ACT Scores The national average composite ACT score for the class of 2014 was a 20.Average scores for subsections were: English: 19-20Math: 19-20Reading: 20-21Science: 20-21 If you’re scoring in this range, you’re already scoring higher than 50% of students who take the ACT and will have a good shot at getting into many colleges.Keep in mind, however, that national averages might not be the most relevant to your individual situation. You should look up the average scores for schools you’re interested in to figure out what target scoreto shoot for.If you’re hoping to attend a very selective school, you might need to set your sights on a score in the 34-36 range.At MIT, for example, the 75th percentile composite ACT score for admitted students in 2014 was a 35.When you look at the averages for your school of choice, you should try and aim for the 75th percentile score (higher than 75% of admitted students)because it will give you the best chance of admission. Also keep in mind that someschools want you to submit the ACT Writing score, and some don’t care about it.This is an important factor to take into account both when studying and when deciding whether to sign up for the ACT with or without Writing. MIT: A lush sanctuary where geeks can run free Studying for Your Score Goals You might know where you fall in terms of your ACT score range if you’ve already taken the test.If not, try out a practice test (with appropriate time constraints!), and see how you do.If you find that you still need to improve your scores quite a bit, don’t worry! If you come up with a solid study plan, you should be able to get them up where you want them to be by the time the test rolls around. I’ll give some brief guidelines below about how long you should study for different point improvements.For more info check out our complete study plan for the ACT and a guide I wrote on how long you should study. I’m Looking to Improve by 1-2 Points This is a very doable goal, even if you start studying only a couple months in advance of the test.Improving 1-2 points should take around 20 total hours of studying.This means that if you study for about two hours every week for two months, you should be able to meet your score goals.If you want, you can even space out your studying for a few more months so you only have to devote an hour a week to ACT prep. I’m Looking to Improve by 4 Points This is a pretty significant improvement, so you’re going to have to put in a bit more time.A four point improvement usually means around 40-50 hours of studying.You could choose to start studying two months in advance and plan out five hours a week if you prefer longer, more intense study sessions.If you’d rather spread it out more, try studying for two hours a week for five or six months instead. I’m Looking to Improve by 6 or More Points This level of improvement is going to require a lot of hard work.For a score increase of six or more points, you’ll most likely need 150+ hours of study time.This means starting early and committing to study sessions every week.If you start studying six months before the test, schedule out five hours a week to devote to ACT prep. You should also remember that your studying needs to be high quality in order for you to see results!This means figuring out what types of questions cause you problems and then practicing similar questions over and over.You'll have to take the time to really understand your mistakes before you start to see positive changes in your scores. Summary Here are some of the main points you should remember about ACT scoring: The ACT gives you a composite score on a scale of 1 to 36 There are four subtests in English, Math, Reading, and Science, and each is also scored from 1 to 36 These four tests are averaged to make up your composite score The average ACT composite score is around a 20 nationally To figure out the score range you should be aiming for, look up the 75th percentile scores of admitted students for schools where you plan to apply. This will give you a better sense of how much time you should devote to studying.Even if the gap between your current scores and your goal is pretty large, with enough planning and focused studying, you should be able to beat the test! What's Next? ACT Score Choice and Superscoring are two policies that might impact which of your scores colleges see. Read more about what they are and what they mean for you here and here. Still not sure whether you should take the ACT or the SAT? Learn more about which one is best for you. For more information on ACT scores, read this article on how to get and interpret your results. Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically.

How does consumers' perception influence brand equity Essay

How does consumers' perception influence brand equity - Essay Example Advertising and marketing is all about conveying a single, unified message down to the target audience in a manner which meshes along well both with the client’s budget as well as the aspirations and expectations of the people for whom the brand is being marketed or advertised. It is formed on the basis of psychological and physiological movements which are studied by the advertising and marketing people so that the client (the company people) also remain happy and their business flourishes in the longer run. However, to get this very message down to the intended people is not an easy job to start with. It needs to be very targeted, precise and significant for them in order for them to take notice and understand that the particular brand connects with them in the best and most easiest of manners possible and hence they should be the ones to buy it for themselves and for this reason satisfy their need or even please themselves more than they had already expected.It is a sure to ugh job for the people who have to extract the perfect message which needs to be sharpened again and again before it actually gets down to the right kind of people who will make the actual purchase and therefore the product will be sold in the end. However, on the flip side of the coin, this requires selling the product or the brand in the mind of the consumer before he actually decides to go and buy the very same. This is refereed as the pre-selling stage and advertising has got a lot to do with it.

Aviation and Climate Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Aviation and Climate Change - Essay Example Due to increase in number of fights, aircraft emissions can affect climate considerably. Carbon dioxide and water do so directly, others effects like production of ozone in the troposphere, alteration of methane life time, formation of contrails and modified cirrus cloudiness, are indirect causes. The emissions that can affect stratospheric ozone i.e. nitrogen oxides, particulates and water vapors, do so indirectly by modifying chemical balance in the stratosphere. Airports growth again is directly affect the climate because expansion or growth of airport need space and may destroy the ecological balance of the place in particular and have overall impact in general. Manchester airport, which accounts for almost 8.8% of UK civil air transport movement, generates proportion of the pollution from UK aircraft. It would translate into 88,000 tones of carbon from its civil air traffic alone (Manchester Green Party briefing on Emissions charging at Manchester airport, 2nd edition, December 2003). Assessment of Cost-benefit: The ground traffic stimulated by the airport results in emission increase. Manchester airport has experienced increase of almost double number of passengers in last 10 Years, this has increased the frequency of flight to, and form Manchester with the existing felicities at the airport but due to this congestion has increased. Due to increase in air traffic Manchester airport operator experienced, increase in its income considerably. Growth in the earnings of airport was due to more landing, parking charges etc. directly and customer inflow indirectly increases the earning. In comparison to other major airports in Europe, Manchester experience little growth in terms of numbers of runways. Due to congestion, cost of flying could not be quantified directly. Now it has been increased almost to double. It has been calculated that average direct cost to the airline of every minute that an aircraft was delayed is 21.80 pound/passenger in 2002. If we calculate co st of delays for Manchester airport where average delay is around 13.1minute with 175000 flights with 23.4pound/ minute, it costs 53 million pound (http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/80/airport_data/2002annual/Table_04_1_Air_Transport_Movements_2002.pdf .). This is direct cost of congestion. Congestion and delay costs the passengers heavily. This delay and congestion cost do not include the environmental cost incurred. However, there are also indirect costs of delays. Environmental/climate impacts: Congestion also has negative environmental impact as more and more planes are forced to burn more fuel for longer as they delayed on runways or circulating around airports, leading both to increased carbon emissions, additional aeronautical noise and lower air quality for local residents. Surface congestion around airports as both passengers and staff travel to or from the airport can have similar environmental impacts as well as economic costs. These costs to three other significant environmental impacts arising from air traffic i.e., aeronautical noise, local air quality and emission of greenhouse gases affecting climate change. One of the major area where air transportation affect, is the more use of aviation fuel. It consumes almost 13% of fossil fuels used in transportation. The amount of CO2 formed from the combusting of aircraft fuel is determined by the total amount of carbon in the fuel because CO2 is an

CVS Pharmacy Improvement Essay Example for Free

CVS Pharmacy Improvement Essay The first â€Å"Consumer Value Store† was opened in Lowell, Massachusetts in 1963. The company grew quickly and by 2002 CVS was one of America’s largest retail drugstores, with over 4,000 outlets and income of $24. 2 billion. As the company got bigger, managers started to worry that pharmacy maneuvers were not carrying out well. Reviews from both customers and employees designated that many localities had severe troubles with customer service. The company’s pharmacy business, however, grew further at an industrial average. This inferred to some people that CVS did not have any serious problems but it actually had. Therefore, to identify the true crisis of pharmacy customer service and to make any required changes, CVS initiated the PSI and staffed it with operations executives and managers. Customer Service Problems: The PSI team started gathering information by evaluating historical data and interviewing existing and past customers. This work verified that CVS had problems in customer service. Besides, customers feel difficult to adjust from one pharmacy to another; deeper analysis revealed that many of the regular customers have switched somewhere else. PSI team showed that about 7. 2 million customers have left which could have paid $2. 5 billion revenue. It has been noticed that different kinds of customers have left due to different types of problems. The PCI team has categorized these former CVS Pharmacy members into two main groups. First, the one who filled an average of five prescriptions per year; they were most likely to complain about the pharmacy’s location. The other group of heavy users, who filled an average of 40 scripts a year, was most likely to leave because of poor service.

Visiting Milan, Italy- The Fashion Capital

Visiting Milan, Italy- The Fashion Capital Milan- The Fashion Capital Salve (Greeting in Italian) The fashion capital of Italy, the city of Milan oozes fashion and luxury. This city is a shopper’s paradise that is world renowned for its various flagship brand stores and boutiques. The fashion shows held during spring and autumn brings the world’s best supermodels, fashion designers and paparazzi to Milan .It is also the financial and business capital of Italy. Despite being known as a fashionista’s city, Milan has numerous historical buildings and churches that beautifully showcase its rich heritage. It is also well known for its art galleries. Milan brings out a beautiful blend of the modern lifestyle and the medieval culture and heritage attracting numerous travellers throughout the year. It is also home to A.C.Milan, the famous Italian football club. Best season to visit Milan Milan experiences moderately hot summers and cold humid winters. During winters from November to February, average temperatures can fall below freezing point and snow fall is quite common. Summers are sultry and humidity levels are high. However the skies are clear and the months from July to September is recommended as the ideal time to visit Milan. Highlights (Things to do and experience in Milan) Stroll through the fashion streets  of Milan to experience the upscale fashion world and trendiest clothing. Enjoy a fashion show  where the latest fashion styles and designs are showcased. Watch a football match  featuring the local club A.C.Milan at the famous Giuseppe Meazza stadium. Enjoy the aerial view  of Milan from Duomo roof which offers a spectacular panoramic vista of the city. Explore the electric nightlife  of Milan at any of the numerous clubs, pubs and restaurants. Relish the traditional Italian preparations like Pizza, pasta, macaroni, etc. at any of the authentic Italian restaurants or cafes. Also popular are the numerous Italian ice cream shops. Hotspots of Milan (Things to see) Zona Centro Storico- Duomo/ Milan Cathedral Situated at the heart of Milan at Dumo square, this majestic cathedral is the 3rd  largest in the world and the biggest tourist attraction in Milan. The spectacular roof, outer faà §ade, spires and statues leave most visitors awed. One can also climb up the spires to enjoy the lovely views of Milan. Museo Del Duomo showcases the construction details of the majestic Cathedral. Piazza Del Duomo Located in the center of Milan, this is the most well-known and beautiful square in the city. It houses the 18thcentury royal palace, the cathedral, galleria, statues and numerous other historical structures. Museo Del Novecento Situated in Duomo square, the museum displays 20thcentury art. La Scala theatre This 18thcentury opera house is one of the world’s most famous ones which has had many popular artists perform. Bagatti Valsecchi museum Converted from a 19thcentury mansion, this museum houses a massive art collection of Italian renaissance. Piazza Mercanti This medieval square also known as Merchant’s square is quite captivating and has numerous buildings and houses in gothic style architecture. Pinacoteca Ambrosiana This museum houses some of the fantastic works by popular Italian painters like Da Vinci, Raphael and Cravaggio, and is definitely a must visit during your Milan holidays. Ca Granda Old Hospital With captivating pathways, this is one of the most prominent buildings in Europe from the renaissance era. Piazza Castello- Castello Sforzesco It is a large castle where the rulers of Milan lived during the renaissance period. It presently houses many museums. Parco Sempione This large landscape garden is quite popular and houses a lake, a tower and an arch. Museo Della Triennale, which is located here, is a famous design museum. Galleria Vittorio Emmanuele Built in the late 19thcentury, it is considered to be the oldest shopping mall in the world. In addition to the shopping experience, its architecture and designs would leave even the non-shoppers delighted. Cimitero monumentale This massive cemetery is arguably the world’s most beautiful one with fabulous sculptures and tombs. Pinacoteca di Brera This museum showcases a wide range of art collections and Italian paintings. The iconic painting â€Å"The Kiss† by Francesco Hayez is displayed here. Santa Maria delle Grazie- Chiesa Di Santa Maria delle Grazie A UNESCO world heritage site, this basilica is one of the spectacular creations of the renaissance era. Both its exterior and its interior works are absolutely stunning. The Last Supper The very famous painting by Leonardo Da Vinci is exhibited here. Tickets are sold pretty fast and it is best advised to book itbeforehand. Basilica di Sant Ambrogio Built in the 11th  century in Lombard Romanesque style, this basilica is well known for its exquisite architecture, altar and pulpit. It was partially destroyed during World War II. Chiesa Di San Maurizio al Monastero Maggiore Another UNESCO world heritage site with numerous paintings, this church is a tribute to the renaissance era. Cinque Vie historical district This is the ancient Milan! With numerous ancient roman sites, buildings and churches this must visit place in Milan takes you back to a bygone era. Shopping in Milan Milan is a world renowned fashion trendsetter and a fashion shopper’s paradise. The city boasts of a wide range of shopping avenues like designer’s emporia, retail outlets, unique boutiques and second hand shops. Major fashion brands like Armani, Gucci, Dolce Gabbana, Prdad and many more have their premier flagship stores in Milan. There is absolutely no dearth for shopping avenues in Milan. Fashion Quadrangle This fashion paradise situated between Duomo square, Cavour square and San Babila square has numerous streets with prime brand shops, prestigious boutiques and upscale showrooms. One can find a wide range of luxurious, glamorous, trendy and fashionable clothing. The most popular streets in this hopping area are Montenapoleone Street, Vittorio Emanuele Street, Manzoni Street, Sant Andea Street and Della Spiga Street. This is a must visit destination and one of the major Milan tourist attractions for shopaholics. Buenos Aires This Street has a wide range of shopping avenues, is a shopper’s paradise and is considered the longest in Europe. Brera district Along with numerous fashion stores, it also has many art galleries, cafes and restaurants. The open air markets here offer some wonderful merchandise. Fiera Di Senigallia This flea market in Porta Ticinese area opens up on Saturdays making it a great place to stroll around and shop. Brand stores Major brands have their flagship stores, boutiques and designer stores in Milan and have a cornucopia of fashion merchandise. Other shopping avenues Piazza Del Duomo, Via Dante, Piazza Dan Babila, Galleria Victor Emanule and Corso Giacomo Matteoti are the other wonderful places to shop in Milan. How to reach Milan- Milan has two international airports, Malpensa and Linate. Malpensa with two terminals is the main airport and has shuttle services between the terminals. Malpensa express trains link the airport to central Milan. There are also frequent buses which connect the airport to the city center. Taxis are easily available from Malpensa to central Milan, but are expensive. Linate airport is closer to the city and majorly serves the domestic flights and a few from other European cities. There are numerous bus and taxi services that run between Linate airport and Milan city. Trenitalia (state railways) trains connect Milan with almost all other Italian cities and with many European cities such as Barcelona, Zurich, Munich, Paris, Vienna, etc. Milan is well connected to other Italian cities by various motorways and one can easily drive into the city. Lampugnano, the main bus terminal of Milan provides numerous buses to and from Milan. How to get around Milan Metro With three different lines (red, yellow and green), Metro is the best way to get around Milan. Trams Trams still play a big role in the transportation industry of Milan. Colored in green, yellow and orange, they are a true symbol of Milan and very convenient to commute across Milan. Buses Buses are comfortable, punctual and connect to various parts of the city. Trains Milan also has a suburban railway system connecting metro area towns with the city center. However, they are not as frequent as the metro. Taxis Taxis are expensive and can be either booked via phone calls or can be hailed on the street. Cars Driving cars around the city center during peak office hours is definitely not recommended as Milan is well known for its traffic congestions. Walks Many of the major tourist destinations are within a short walk away from each other. Also some of the tourist spots have been made pedestrian only making it all the more enjoyable. Top areas of Milan Centro Storico The major tourist attractions revolve around this area, which is filled with museums, galleries and historical structures. The very popular Milan Cathedral is also situated in Centro Storico. As a result, there are numerous cafes, restaurants and hotels catering to the wide range of tourist requirements. Stazione Centrale Stazione Centrale is the main railway station of Milan. There are numerous shopping avenues, restaurants, cafes and some of the best Milan hotels in this area. Porta Venezia Porta Venezia is one of the historical gates of the medieval Milan. There are presently numerous shops, supermarkets and one of the ideal places for budget accommodation in Milan. Centro- Brera Located in the center of the city amidst all the historical buildings and numerous shops, Centro Brera is one of the top areas of Milan. Navigli With numerous bars and cafes, Navigli is well known as a pre- dinner drink area and frequented by both tourists and residents. Citta Studi Citta Studi is a popular area which houses numerous hotels. The various branches of University of Milan and a number of prominent hotels are also located here. San siro- fiera Milano city Stadio Giuseppe Miazza, a popular football stadium is located here and is a popular tourist spot. Porta Romana Well known for its former historical gate, Porta Romana has numerous buildings, shops and hotels. Sempione This area is well known for its Sempione Park and Piazza Castello which has numerous tourist attractions. Bicocca- Zara With numerous hotels, restaurants and shops, Bicoca Zara is a preferred area for accommodation by tourists. Grazie (Thank you in Italian)

Milk and Convenience Store

JOE-NETTE’S PASTILLAS DE LECHE PRODUCT – Food – We get are brand name by the combination of our names. The Joe-nette’s Pastillas de Leche, are sweet milk candies that are usually served for dessert. They are very easy to serve because you don’t need to cook to make pastillas. What we have is a no-cook fast and simple dessert recipe intenden to gratify your cravings right away. Also, cooking or heating any recipe is not necessary. All you have to do is to mix the ingredients together and there it is, super sweet delicious milk candy that you have for dessert in no time.PRICE INGREDIENTS: * 3 can of condensed milk (300ML)x (26) = P 78 * 2 powdered milkx (16) = P 32 * ? sugarx (12) = P 12 * 2 Japanese paperx (5) = P 10 * 5 bond paperx (1) = P 5_ P 137 PLACE In the public market, because many people that have a convenience store go there to buy a whole selling product to their stores. It is because the price of the product in the public market is lower than the price if you go in the supermarkets.Our target markets are those people that have a convenience store that usually go to public market for whole selling. PROMOTION We are promoting our product by the use of a whole selling. For example, when the consumer buy whole sale of pastillas they will have a discount like we can give him/her 3 packs of pastillas for only P100, so that the consumer will be convince to buy our product again and we can also offer them to be a supplier of their convenience store.

Imduction Processes Essay

Induction is the first step along a pathway of learning that a new worker undertakes when joining the social care sector or a new organisation and will continue all through their career. It is one of the principal most important processes within the organisation. Staff induction often focuses on the corporate policies, eg: safety, security, anti-discrimination, equality, etc. This is useful information, if not the most interesting to participants. Beyond policies, we also cover practicalities, for example how to carry out common administrative tasks such as completing weekly timesheets, changing address, how to fill out daily diary records for the service users. What information systems exist, we give out company email addresses and team leader/manager telephone numbers. Induction training is very important for new staff. Good induction training assists with retention of new starters ensuring they are settled in quickly into a productive happy role. This in turn is good for the company staff retention cuts recruitment costs. Induction training offers the opportunity to establish clear expectations from the outset in terms of integrity, ethics and professional social responsibility. The primary importance is to ensure that the individual is working within the guidelines of the law, company’s policies, procedures and values, Safeguarding regulations and Care Quality Commission standards. It is then also extremely important for the service users, it enables staff to know and understand each individual and become familiar with their support plans to ensure that the staff follow a person centred approach to caring for the service users’. The induction process we provide is based around the Skills for Care Common Induction Standards. These Common Induction Standards have been designed to provide a structured start for workers in the first 12 weeks of employment, which will help ensure that they are then safe to leave alone with responsibility for the people they support. When workers are expected to perform any tasks that are not covered by the standards, appropriate training will be sourced before the work is undertaken. There are eight standards that the induction covers, these are: Standard 1 Role of the health and social care worker Standard 2 Personal developments Standard 3 Communicate effectively Standard 4 Equality and Inclusion Standard 5 Principles for implementing duty of care Standard 6 Principles of safeguarding in health and social care Standard 7 Person-centred support Standard 8 Health and safety in an adult social care setting. Each standard contains a number of areas of knowledge that staff need to know about before they can work safely without close supervision. Each area is made up of outcomes which say what exactly you need to know about that area. Once the 12 week induction process is completed the staff will have knowledge of all the standards above and will have reached the desired outcomes of the induction. As a manager it is my responsibility to arrange for the new staff to learn about the different areas within the standards and that they gain enough knowledge to meet the outcomes for each area. People have different ways of learning, some learn by being told things through, others learn through watching, some through talking things and coming up with ideas and also some learn by actually doing the tasks. Prior to induction a training needs analysis is completed this will identify the best way to facilitate the training needs for each new member of staff. I will then liaise with our training department and arrange for the induction to take place. We will agree the best way to deliver the training to meet the individual’s needs. This can be done through classroom room based training sessions, reading and completing training booklets and also through shadowing an experienced member of staff who has the knowledge and skills to pass on. During the 12 week induction period the new member of staff will be assessed on their competency to ensure they have understood everything they have learned. These assessments will be carried out by the manager, team leader and/or training manager. Then when the staff member has successfully completed the induction period, the manager in combination with the team leader will sign off the Certificate of Successful Completion. Once completed staff are  encouraged to develop their job role to include new areas of work not covered by the common induction standards. The induction standards provide the basic training necessary for work in social care however as a company we provide further training for the additional tasks not covered through induction. This has been developed through skills for care learning sessions and the training available includes: Acquired Brain Injury – (Introduction) Asperger’s Syndrome – (Introduction) Autism Syndrome – (Introduction) Dementia and Confusion – How to respond Dementia Defining Learning Disability – (Introduction) Recognising and Managing Conflic Managing Medication Nutrition in Home Support Services Empowerment of Service User The completed induction links in to many of the knowledge requirements for the core units of the diploma in Health and Social Care qualification. Training is encouraged throughout employment to enable the staff member to develop new skills and knowledge and open up further career options. This supports and promotes professional development that will be beneficial to both the organisation and the staff member, ensuring that we are working in line with current best practice and guidelines. Effective induction can assist staff who want to move from one type of social care provision to another, or who are starting work with a different service user group, as they will have new things to learn so that they can understand how their practice may need to be adapted to the changed circumstances. The knowledge and skills training sessions can provide the learning necessary for workers to make a successful transition into a different part of the social care sector. Successful completion of induction ensures staff meet the General Social Care Council (GSCC) code of practice for social care workers, which describes the standards of professional conduct and practice required of social care workers as they go about their daily work. As an employer  AllCare has to adhere to a code of practice which includes their duty to establish a competent workforce. Ensuring staff successfully complete their induction is a part of this. The Common Induction Standards have been designed to help make sure that organisations can provide a quality service for the individuals’ we support, and that includes making sure new staff are safe to leave alone in the workplace to carry out their role and responsibilities. We centre on the mission that, our company will provide a safe environment for both staff and service users. We focus on safeguard and promote the welfare of the service users in our care, in compliance with Trafford multi-agency Safeguarding Adults Policy and Procedures and the publication of the ‘No Secrets’ guidance by the Department of Health in 2000. This guidance stipulates that all local partner agencies should work together to prevent, detect and investigate concerns about possible adult abuse. The role of induction training with regard to safeguarding is to help develop and foster a shared understanding of the tasks, processes, principles, and roles and responsibilities outlined in national guidance and local arrangements for safeguarding vulnerable adults and promoting their welfare. Induction teaches how to recognise and act on signs of abuse and neglect, risk assessments and the making and management of referrals, ensuring that our staffs are competent and confident in carrying out their responsibilities for safeguarding and promoting service users’ welfare. All staffs are provided with this information during induction via our employee handbook.

Swordfish Facts

Swordfish Facts Swordfish (Xiphias gladius) was made famous in the late 1990s by Sebastian Jungers book The Perfect Storm, which was about a swordfishing boat lost at sea. The book was later made into a movie. Swordfishing captain and author Linda Greenlaw also popularized swordfishing in her book The Hungry Ocean. Swordfish is a popular seafood that may be served as steaks and sashimi. Swordfish populations in U.S. waters are said to be rebounding after heavy management on a fishery that once overfished swordfish and also resulted in a large bycatch of  sea turtles. Swordfish Identification These large fish, which are also known as the broadbill or broadbill swordfish, have a distinctive pointed, sword-like upper jaw that is over 2 feet long. This sword, which has a flattened oval shape, is used to stab prey. Their genus  Xiphias comes from the Greek word xiphos, which means sword. Swordfish have a brownish-black back and light underside. They have a tall first dorsal fin and distinctly forked tail. They can grow to a maximum length of over 14 feet and weight of 1,400 pounds. Females are larger than males. While young swordfish have spines and small teeth, adults do not have scales nor teeth. They are among the fastest fish in the ocean and are capable of speeds of 60 mph when leaping. Classification Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataSubphylum: VertebrataSuperclass: GnathostomaSuperclass: PiscesClass: ActinopterygiiOrder: PerciformesFamily: XiphiidaeGenus: XiphiasSpecies: gladius Habitat and Distribution Swordfish are found in tropical and temperate waters in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans between the latitudes of 60 °N to 45 °S. These animals migrate to cooler waters in the summer, and to warmer waters in the winter. Swordfish may be seen at the surface and in deeper waters. They can swim in deep, cold parts of the ocean due to specialized tissue in their head that warms their brain. Feeding Swordfish feed primarily on small bony fish and cephalopods. They opportunistically feed throughout the water column, taking prey at the surface, in the middle of the water column and at the ocean bottom. They may use their sails to herd fish. Swordfish appear to swallow smaller prey whole, while larger prey is slashed with the sword. Reproduction Reproduction occurs by spawning, with males and females releasing sperm and eggs into the water near the ocean surface. A female may release millions of eggs, which are then fertilized in the water by a males sperm. The timing of spawning in swordfish depends upon where they live - it may either be year-round (in warmer waters) or during the summer (in cooler waters). The young are about .16 inch long when they hatch, and their upper jaw becomes more noticeably longer when the larvae are about .5 inch long. The young dont begin to develop the sailfishs characteristic elongated jaw until they are about 1/4 inch long. The dorsal fin in young swordfish stretches the length of the fishs body and eventually develops into a large first dorsal fin and a second smaller dorsal fin. Swordfish are estimated to reach maturity at 5 years and have a lifespan of about 15 years. Conservation Swordfish are caught by both commercial and recreational fishermen, and fisheries exist in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans. They are a popular game fish and seafood, although mothers, pregnant women, and young children may want to limit consumption due to the potential for a high methylmercury content. Swordfish are listed as of least concern on the IUCN Red List, as many swordfish stocks (except for those in the Mediterranean Sea) are stable, rebuilding, and/or being adequately managed. Sources Arkive. Swordfish. Accessed July 31, 2012.Bailly, N. (2012). Xiphias gladius. In: Nicolas Bailly (2012). FishBase. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species on 2012-07-31 on July 31, 2012.Collette, B., Acero, A., Amorim, A.F., Bizsel, K., Boustany, A., Canales Ramirez, C., Cardenas, G., Carpenter, K.E., de Oliveira Leite Jr., N., Di Natale, A., Die, D., Fox, W., Fredou, F.L., Graves, J., Guzman-Mora, A., Viera Hazin, F.H., Hinton, M., Juan Jorda, M., Minte Vera, C., Miyabe, N., Montano Cruz, R., Masuti, E., Nelson, R., Oxenford, H., Restrepo, V., Salas, E., Schaefer, K., Schratwieser, J., Serra, R., Sun, C., Teixeira Lessa, R.P., Pires Ferreira Travassos, P.E., Uozumi, Y. Yanez, E. 2011. Xiphias gladius. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.1. . Accessed July 31, 2012.FishBase. Xiphia gladius. Accessed July 31, 2012.Gardieff, Susie. Swordfish. FLMNH Icthyology Department. Accessed November 9, 2015.Gloucester Times. The Perfect Storm: The History of the Andrea Gail. Accessed July 31, 2012.

American Identity essays

American Identity essays It is predicted that by the year 2050, Caucasian Americans will become a minority in the United States. Is this rapid increase of minorities creating an alarming situation deserving concern? In todays American society, we have become particularly apprehensive with the issue of diversity and but are commonly told to "celebrate" the heterogeneity of individuals this country has come to foster. Why is then so often innocent Americans are condemned or even penalized for such trivial differences such as speaking a language other than English, wearing a skin color other than Caucasian, or expressing homosexual orientation? Such discrimination can only have a harmful impact on American identity. Americans have always feared those who are "different" but have been taught to disguise their fears and attempt to treat everyone equally. However, after the recent events on September 11th, 2001, many Americans have wrongly fashioned unnecessary biases and preconceptions towards the unusual and t he unknown. This inexcusable ignorance is causing the destruction of our American Identity. Beginning in the late 1700's, America became known nationally for her support of religious freedom, seemingly endless job opportunities and an abundance of in-expensive land. As a result, immigrants from all over the globe penetrated these borders, forcing the nation to expand further and further west. People flocked from Ireland, Britain, Italy, Russia and numerous other European countries. By the 19th century, America was already a nation with a diverse population, all in search of a better life. However, even then immigrants were looked down upon and were only offered low paying jobs. In fact an age of nativism came into being, when the Americans wanted immigration of cease allowing America to contain only those who were "native" Americans. When the truth was, native Indian Americans were the only true natives. Immigratio...

Strategy statement for bank Lloyds Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Strategy statement for bank Lloyds - Essay Example Customers and shareholders are key stakeholders to a business organization, since they do not only determine the direction that an organization takes in running its operations, but also the nature of the business and the core market that the organization serves. A business organization ventures into a given business and formulates the purpose and objectives for why it is in existence based on the customers and shareholder’s needs. The best interest of a customer is the responsiveness of a business to the customer needs (Wonglimpiyarat, 2005:27). The best interest of the shareholder is the increasing returns on the investment, as well as the sustainability of the increment of this returns over the long-run. Prioritizing the needs of the customers through making the Lloyds Bank simple for the customers to do business with is a positive step towards the bank realizing its prime objective. The combination of the interest of the customers and the shareholder under one vision is clearly the best way to success. It is the investors/shareholders who funds a business organization towards exploiting the available opportunities (Great Britain, 2009:87). On the other hand, it is the customers who helps a business organization to generate revenues that can cover for its operations and still create value for the shareholders of the business. In this respect, Lloyds Bank has applied the shareholders resources towards developing the relevant skills, people and resources necessary for responding effectively to the customer needs. On the other hand, the effective response to the customer needs has enabled Lloyds Bank to curve a satisfactory market share within the UK banking industry, and thus enabled the bank to remain well funded and even attain a leading position in the industry (Lloyds Bank Group, 2014:n.p.). Therefore, this customer-shareholder combination has worked in the be st interest of the Lloyds Bank. Towards 2017,

Palliative Care of Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Palliative Care of Nursing - Essay Example In its advanced stages, most patients need extensive care which includes palliative care in permanent or out-patient hospice nursing ("Cancer: Prognosis", n.d.). The Coordinating Committee (Hospice) of Hospital Authority (HA) Hong Kong SAR Government defines hospice or palliative care as "the care of the patients and their families with active progressive advanced disease and a limited prognosis for whom the focus of care is the quality of life" (Liu, 2005, p.183). Palliative care started in Hong Kong in 1982. At the beginning, it was a "consultative team" in a general hospital. In 1986, a second palliative care team was established who worked primarily with those who had incurable lung malignancy. Diagnosis of the disease was not necessary in order to get a referral. The team gave pain and symptom management as well as practical, emotional and spiritual support to the patient and their family. Due to lack of public knowledge, patients had unrealistic expectations thinking that palliative care can cure the disease and prolong ones life. It was not until 1985 when a demarcation between cure and palliative care was made with the help of the So ciety for the Promotion of Hospice Care. Their goals were aimed at public education, fund raising, and the establishment of an independent hospice in Hong Kong which will serve as a discernible symbol for the public (Sham, 2003, p.65). It was through their efforts that the Hong Kong community came to know and understand the scope of palliative care. In an article by Hon Joseph Lee in his interview with Dr. York Chow on hospice care services, it was written: At present, there are 10 palliative care centers and six oncology centers [in Hong Kong] under HA [Hospital Authority] to provide palliative/hospice care, which includes in-patient service, out-patient service, hospice/palliative day care service, home care service and bereavement counseling (December, 2008). Patients who admit themselves in hospice are almost always dying. Different cultures have different perceptions of death. In Hong Kong, "death is seen as a curse" (Chow and C. Chan, 2005, p.2). It is believed that the very thought of death will bring bad luck and the very mention of death will invite evil spirits in or speed up the process. The Chinese concept of death is deep-rooted and is influenced by the Folk and Taoist beliefs that "the dead have to be judged in hell and punished according to the sins that they have committed in life" (C. Chan, 1999, p.213). Chan (1999) cited examples that illustrate the Folk and Taoist teachings on children: Children are told if they steal when alive, when they die their hands will be cut off as a punishment. If people do not treat their family well, they will be eaten by hungry dogs. If someone kills, he or she will be burnt in eternal fire (p.213). Because of this grotesque and mind boggling picture, they do not talk about death nor do they prepare for it. This leaves them ill-equipped and often times carrying heavy emotional baggage to their grave. Chinese people in Hong Kong have a traditional attitude that contributes to the disinclination to intervene when a person is dying. It is believed t

English - Tablet vs. Laptop Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

English - Tablet vs. Laptop - Essay Example The latest in this competition is the laptop and the smaller more stylish tablet. Will the tablet drive the laptop into oblivion? Many variables come into place in that debate. This article views the debate from the standpoint of a tablet; a stylish, portable media device replacing a laptop, a portable computer. In the process of doing so we will initially examine the difference between the two based on the below factors. Price Portability Features From this evaluation, the essay hopes to provide (to also provide) a reasonable explanation as to why a tablet is not a computer. Competitiveness of Laptop and Tablet in Pricing Price is a very important factor for any product from a consumer point of view. It is dependent on many factors and is relative to usage. When we examine price based from the standpoint of functionality alone and we can see that laptops have an edge over tablets on this aspect. Pricing details of the Laptops: Laptops vary in prices and can be customized accordingly . Laptops are definitely cheaper than tablets due to a few reasons. One of the main reasons for this is that Laptops have been in the market for a long time and have been evolving to meet consumer demands. Today, the commercial side of laptop making is not only restricted to original design makers, thus, the need for competitive pricing has risen. You can get a net book with all the basic computing needs for as low as $350. The price range varies depending on features and this can be tailored according to usage needs and consumer needs. When tailoring a laptop to meet the usage demands based on memory and features, the price paid for one laptop can sometimes buy two tablets. However, when we get to this price point from the standpoint of a computer versus a portable media device, Laptops win. The Cost Front of Tablet: Tablets are costlier than laptops but it is worth the price as it provides impeccable facilities. The technology of a tablet has been under experimentation for a reall y long time. The tablet as we know came in 2010 when Apple Inc. released the Ipad, which was more media centric than PC centric. One of the main reasons for this has been to justify the price with the functions. The difference between the two is explained below. Since 2000, Microsoft has been experimenting along the lines of a tablet PC that works on a different Operating System (OS) as compared to a regular laptop. A tablet uses a lot of specialized technology in its venture to offer sophisticated features and increase portability while not reducing the PC experience. However, it has not been possible so far to create a PC tablet that can justify the price. The current tablets do not justify the price when looked at from the standpoint of the limitations in that particular functionality. Which Comes Best in Portability The need for portability is probably one of the driving factors for technological innovations. Here again the focus is on functionality and we can see that while tab lets are definitely more portable that even the smallest laptops they do not have all the functionality that a laptop as a computer can offer. What are laptops in Portability factor? Laptops are meant to be portable but are not that great when compared with tablets’ portability. With the fight to make things as pocket sized as possible, there are now new laptops that are small and lightweight, without too much compromise on screen resolution. When looking at portability we also have to look at it from the standpo

Terminal Reports Essay Example for Free

Terminal Reports Essay 1.) What was your basis fpr selecting your practicum organization? I chose Office of the Solicitor General because one of our 3rd year professor in Political Dynamics, Atty. Rigor Pascual, was a former intern in OSG. He told us that if we want to learn a lot we should prefer OSG as our OJT destination. 2.) Describe in details your duties and responsibilities in your practicum organization. In the division which I was assigned, they taught the process how to make delegations, file cases, update cases in ECMT, motion and manifestations and others which includes photocopying of files and recording of new cases received by our division. These are my duties and responsibilities everyday during my OJT. 3.) What were your personal, academic and professional expectations from the Practicum Program? I am expecting to learn more about my future career path either in the fields of law or management and to improve and develop not only my skills but also my personality. All of my expectations were all satisfied after 200-hours of quality on-the-job training. 4.) Were your expectation met? Why or why not? I’m proud to say that all of my expectations were met as I have learned a lot of things in my 200 hours or 6 weeks of stay in OSG. They taught me a lot of things in the field of law and give me some advice how to become a good lawyer. All in all, my stay in OSG was a one o a kind experience that I will never forget. 5.) Describe in details your working relationship with your superiors and co-workers/co-trainees. I have a very good relationship with my superiors especially my supervisor Atty. Tadeo as she is very kind and helpful to me. She taught me a lot of things regarding my work to be accomplished and things that might be helpful in my academic training in school. It was a happy workplace as all of the employees in our division were kind and supportive. 6.) Describe in detail three incidents related to your practicum where you were able to fully  utilize your academic training. a. I was able to use my knowledge in persons and family relations when I was given a research about marriage and adoption. b. My legal research class was also useful whenever I was told to get a SCRA or anything from their library. c. Lastly, my knowledge about computers was also utilized as everyday I am in front of the computer for my paper works (delegation, motion and manifestations etc.). 7.) Describe fully any incident(s) which may have proven disturbing during your Practicum. There wasn’t any disturbing incident that happened during my OJT program and honestly it was more of a productive and enjoyable experience than that of a distressing one. 8.) What suggestions can you put forward to further improve the Practicum Program of the Legal Management Department? We should have been given a seminar about our internship program, as it was confusing from the start. We were told first that it is okay to have your OJT outside Metro Manila and then after some of us have chosen our OJT destination from different provinces, we are told the other way around which was very frustrating and hassling. To improve the Practicum Program of the Legal Management Department, student should be properly informed and knowledgeable about the their OJT program.

Thomas Kuhns Structure of Scientific Revolutions Essays -- Book Revie

The aim of this essay is to provide a summary and critique of Thomas S. Kuhn’s groundbreaking thesis ‘The Structure of Scientific Revolutions.’ This will be done by analyzing his concepts of ‘paradigm’, ‘normal science’ and ‘scientific revolutions.’ Following the overview I will present the example of ‘The Copernican Revolution’ to empirically show a paradigm shift. The rest of the essay is concerned specifically with critically examining Kuhn’s notion of a paradigm and the incommensurability between them. I will show that to define paradigm is a never ending task however this should not hinder the usefulness of the concept itself. Before Kuhn’s book was written, the commonly held position by scientists and philosophers of science, such as Mach and Otswald , about the structure of science; was that it involved linear progression as a result of an incremental accumulation of knowledge from the activities undertaken by members of the scientific community. They thought that as generations of scientists observed more and more, their understanding of a particular scientific fact would become better refined through an ever growing stockpile of facts, theories and methods. The aim of the historian of science would be to pin point the man and the moment in time a further discovery was made; whilst also describing the obstacles that inhibited scientific progression. Then in 1962, Kuhn’s revolutionary book challenged the prevailing model of the history of science and argued for an episodic structure in which periods of conceptual continuity in normal science are interrupted by periods of revolutionary science. I will begin by outlining the core concepts that Kuhn presents at the beginning of his thesis. The backbone of Kuh... ... with its easy and friendly applicability means that it fulfils the aims of which Kuhn wanted. To tell the story of how science was structured. Bibliography Bonini, C. P. (1963). Simulation of information and decision systems in the firm. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall. Kuhn, T. S. (1962. Second Edition, enlarged, 1970). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: The University of Chicago. Masterman, M. (1970). The Nature of a Paradigm. In I. Lakatos, & A. Musgrave (Eds.), Criticism and The Growth of Knowledge (pp. 59-90). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Shapere, D. (1964). Review: The structure of Scientific Revolutions. The Philosophical Review , 73 (3), 383-394. Shapere, D. (1971, May). The Paradigm Concept. Science , 172 (3984), pp. 706-709. Weinberg, S. (1998). Scientific Revolutions. New York Review of Books , XLV (15).

Biography of Erik Erikson Essay

A few years after Erik’s birth, her mother took him to a local jewish pediatrician, Dr. Theodor Homburger for a treatment of minor illness. His mother and the pediatrician eventually fell in love. He quickly developed a sense that something was wrong his mother and father were Jewish his own physical appearance was clearly Scandinavian. later on he found the truth about his heritage, his identity crisis was worsened. Rejecting his stepfather’s plea to become physician. He went to Europe and enrolled in art school and eager to learn about culture and history. He returned home at the age of 25 prepared to settle down and teach art for a living. Erikson was asked by his former high school friend Peter Blos to join him as a teacher in Experimental Nursery school in Vienna where he met Anna Freud and her famous father Sigmund Freud. Anna Freud was trying to convert psychoanalytic interest in childhood experiences of adult. Erikson shared her pioneering interest and was eventually trained by her as a child analyst. Erikson was still unsure to earn his living a psychoanalyst because still wanted to paint and draw. However, he began to see a connection between psychoanalysis and art. He observed that children’s dream and play involve important visual images that only later are translated into words in therapy. Concepts and Principles Erikson’s position represents a systematic extension of Freud’s view of the role of ego in personality functioning. Erikson is a Freudian ego-psychologist. Erikson proposed that ego often operates independently of id emotions and motivation. Ego functions to help individual adapt to challenges presented by the surrounding. Ego Psychology Emphasized the integration of biological and psychosocial forces in determination of personality functioning. Epigenetic Principle The idea that human development is governed by a sequence of stages that depend on genetic or hereditary factors This principle says that we develop through a predetermined unfolding of our personalities in eight stages. Our progress through each stage is in part determined by our success, or lack of success â€Å"crisis†, in all the previous stages. Crisis defined as the crucial period in every stage. Virtue â€Å"inherent strength or active quality† human qualities or strength emerge from successful resolution of crisis. Psychosocial Development: Stages of Ego Development Stage Basic Conflict Virtue Important Events Outcome Infancy (birth to 18 months) Trust vs. Mistrust HOPE Feeding Children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliability, care, and affection. A lack of this will lead to mistrust. Early Childhood (2 to 3 years) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt WILL Toilet Training Children need to develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and a sense of independence. Success leads to feelings of autonomy, failure results in feelings of shame and doubt. Preschool/Play Age (3 to 5 years) Initiative vs. Guilt PURPOSE Exploration Children need to begin asserting control and power over the environment. Success in this stage leads to a sense of purpose. Children who try to exert too much power experience disapproval, resulting in a sense of guilt. School Age (6 to 11 years) Industry vs. Inferiority COMPETENCE School Children need to cope with new social and academic demands. Success leads to a sense of competence, while failure results in feelings of inferiority. Adolescence (12 to 18 years) Identity vs. Role Confusion FIDELITY Social Relationships Teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity. Success leads to an ability to stay true to yourself, while failure leads to role confusion and a weak sense of self. Young Adulthood (19 to 40 years) Intimacy vs. Isolation LOVE Relationships Young adults need to form intimate, loving relationships with other people. Success leads to strong relationships, while failure results in loneliness and isolation. Middle Adulthood (40 to 65 years) Generativity vs. Stagnation CARE Work and Parenthood Adults need to create or nurture things that will outlast them, often by having children or creating a positive change that benefits other people. Success leads to feelings of usefulness and accomplishment, while failure results in shallow involvement in the world. Maturity(65 to death) Ego Integrity vs. Despair WISDOM Reflection on Life Older adults need to look back on life and feel a sense of fulfillment. Success at this stage leads to feelings of wisdom, while failure results in regret, bitterness, and despair. Strengths and Weaknesses of Erik Erikson’s Theory Strengths Comprehensiveness It addresses itself to wide variety of phenomenon both normal and abnormal and seeks to biological, social, cultural and historical factors. Heuristic Value Within Psychology, Erikson’s work has contributed directly to lifespan psychology and the development of adult psychology. Applied Value Erikson’s work has practical impact in the area of child psychology and psychiatry, counseling, education and social work. Weaknesses Male Bias Erik Erikson articulated psychosocial stage describes the life cycle hallmarks of white, western society and may not apply well to other cultures or even to our own today/present time. Erikson’s positive outcome (such as autonomy, initiative, industry) virtues (such as will, purpose and competence) are frequently seen as characteristics of healthy male development. And his negative ones, (doubt, guilt and inferiority) are seen as reflecting unhealthy female development. Gilligan’s studies of girl and women’s development suggest different positive values emerge in healthy development. Connection, responsibility, and care replace autonomy, mastery  and power. Precision and Testability Erikson’s theory fails to meet the criterion of precision and testability. He defined the concept of ego to sustain sameness and continuity in the face of changing fate. Evidently the concept is extremely complex and does not readily precise measurement. Therapy/Application of Erik Erikson’s Theory Research Erikson believed that social and historical factors affect the formation of ego identity, which in turn affects the nature of the personality. One such example of the work of social factors in personality development is the women’s movement. Studies have found that most adolescent women today include a career orientation as part of their ego identity. Research in the area of identity crisis show that this stage may begin around 12 and be resolved by the time a person is 18. However, for some people, identity may not occur until as late as age 24. Erikson believed that people in the maturity and old age stage of psychosocial development spend time recalling and examining their life, accepting or regretting past choices. However one study showed no significant differences between younger adults compared to older adults in reported frequency of life reflections. However, younger people engaged in reflection to gain self-insight and find solutions to current problems, while older people used reflection of their past to evaluate their lives Play Therapy Erikson used play therapy to conduct research on his theory, focusing on what he called play construction. In his studies, boys and girls constructed a scene for an imaginary movie using dolls, toy animals, automobiles, and wooden blocks. Girls tended to build low enclosures, while boys focused on exteriors, action, and height. Based on biological differences, according to Erikson; girls build low enclosures in which people are walled in, and  boys would build towers. Research today still persists that traditional gender stereotyping between girls and boys exists. Girls typically play with dolls, jewelry, and toy kitchen implements, while boys play with trucks, soldiers, and guns. â€Å"Our greatest weakness lies in giving up. The most certain way to succeed is always to try just one more time. And anyone who has never made a mistake has never tried anything new†

History Questions and Answers on France Essay

1.How far did Napoleon Bonaparte maintain the ideals of the French Revolution during the period 1799–1815? The key issue is the relationship between Napoleon Bonaparte and the French Revolution. ‘How far’ invites candidates to consider the extent and limits of the claim that he maintained revolutionary ideals. These ideals can be summarised quickly as ‘liberty, equality and fraternity’. The Revolution had sought greater equalisation between classes, the rule of law and the end of secular and religious privilege. The focus should be on the period from 1799 to 1915 and there is no need for long narratives of the period from 1789 as long as answers can put Napoleon into context. Napoleon maintained that he was the son of the Revolution and his Code incorporated some measures that ensured the rule of law. He encouraged promotion by merit rather than by birth. He confirmed the changes to property ownership that had taken place. On the other hand, the Code benefited the middle classes more than the peasantry and the emphasis on authority in the family returned to pre-1789 values. His rule was authoritarian and the establishment of the Empire was a contradiction of republican principles. Opponents were prosecuted by an active police system, headed by Fouchà ©. Government institutions were not independent and Napoleon was able to nominate those to high offices. Lesser officials, although elected, could be removed. There is no need for long narratives of foreign policy but it will be relevant to explain how far it was driven by personal, rather than revolutionary, motives. Answers worth 22-25 will consider both sides of his rule and come to clear conclusions. 19-21 answers will be mostly secure but will miss some possible lines of discussion. 11-13 answers will show a basic knowledge of his rule but will be very narrative or descriptive, but sometimes incomplete. 14-15 can be awarded to fuller descriptions. 16-18 answers will make some salient points of comment in otherwise largely descriptive accounts. 2 How far did Napoleon Bonaparte achieve his aims in domestic policy? The key issue is Napoleon’s success in achieving his aims in domestic policy. The question is deliberately worded to exclude discussion of foreign policy and this will be irrelevant unless referred to briefly in an introduction or conclusion. For example, a good point would be that Napoleon achieved power largely by conquest and was then was brought down by failure abroad, not by internal opposition. But this does not mean that victory and defeat abroad must be described in detail. Answers can be awarded 11-13 marks when they contain relevant but basic descriptions of domestic policy. These answers will give little consideration to Napoleon’s aims and will probably be very uncritical. Fuller descriptions but with a similar approach can be awarded 14-15 marks. The 16-18 band will require some specific study of aims although these might be treated broadly; the description will be quite full. The discriminating factor for the 19-21 band will be the concentration on aims and their achievement although the essays will contain some gaps. For example, they might be very one-sided. More complete assessments that consider alternatives can be awarded 22-25 marks. Napoleon aimed at personal power and he secured this from 1799, with the Consulate, and then 1804, with the Empire, until 1814. But candidates should note his abdication before his unsuccessful return. Credit will be given when candidates consider how far he wished to continue the reforms of the Revolution. He sought to maximise his support and offered promotion by merit. However, political opponents were treated harshly by the police system under Fouchà ©. His attempts to stabilise the economy can be examined as can his relations with the Roman Catholic Church, which he stabilised. Candidates should consider the importance of the Code Napoleon. 3.The aims and methods of Cavour were completely different from those of Mazzini.’ How far do you agree with this judgement? The key issue is the comparison of Cavour and Mazzini. Answers should be reasonably balanced in their treatment of the two men. 60:40 either way can deserve any mark band; 70:30 will normally lead to the award of one band lower than would otherwise be given. The 11-13 band will require a basic knowledge and understanding of one man. Answers in the 22-25 band will be fully comparative. They will differentiate between aims and methods and support the argument by sound knowledge. Most candidates, even in this band, can be expected to agree with the claim in the question but credit should be given to candidates who are aware of some common ground, e.g. both wished to make Italy an independent state and saw Austria as the major stumbling block. 19-21 answers will show good qualities but will be less impressive, perhaps by lacking a distinction between aims and methods or by pursuing a more uneven comparison. There will be some comparison in the 16-18 answers but the approach will be mostly descriptive or narrative. The emphasis on narrative will probably be characteristic of answers in the 11-13 and 14-15 mark bands. In their aims, Mazzini always sought the unification of all of the Italian peninsula. Cavour began by seeking to make Piedmont a more important and extended state in northern Italy and was initially reluctant to embrace the southern states. Mazzini was a democratic republican. Cavour was a monarchist whose ideas of democracy were more limited. Mazzini wished Italians to gain independence by themselves; Cavour aimed to win European support for his designs. In methods, Mazzini embraced revolutionary methods, for example in the 1830s and in 1848. He tried to build an alliance of all classes although he failed to do so. Cavour began by strengthening Piedmont. He opposed revolutions but manipulated plebiscites to give the appearance of popular support for his policies. Diplomacy, especially with Napoleon III of France, was a vital means of isolating Austria and supplementing the weak Piedmontese army. To the dismay of Mazzini and Garibaldi, Cavour was willing to surrender some Italian territories to gain his wider ends (Nice and Savoy to France). Although not an ally of the Roman Catholic Church, Cavour saw the importance of not alienating the papacy, unlike Mazzini. 4.How far was Napoleon Bonaparte an oppressive ruler in his domestic policies from 1799 to 1815? The key issue is the assessment of Napoleon’s domestic policies. Foreign policy will be irrelevant unless mentioned briefly in an introduction or conclusion. For the highest marks, 21 – 25, Examiners will expect answers to consider the case for and against the claim that he was oppressive, coming to a clear conclusion. For 11-13 marks, answers should be expected to demonstrate a basic knowledge and understanding of the main elements of domestic policies. Some policies might be seen by some as oppressive and by others as liberating. 1799 marks the appointment of Napoleon as First Consul after the fall of the Directory. Especially during the Consulate, he implemented many reforms such as the Code Napoleon and the Concordat (1801). The former helped to restore administrative order to France and guaranteed certain rights but it also strengthened Napoleon’s authority. The latter was a reconciliation between France and the Papacy/Roman Catholic Church. This pleased many French people who retained their religious views but it afforded Napoleon a considerable measure of control over the Church. The Empire (1804) saw Napoleon achieve even more power and he was dominant over every aspect of French life. Candidates can explain administrative measures that cemented the authority or oppression of the Emperor. Officials were nominated rather than freely elected. The most successful candidates should be able to note and assess the reasons for the continuing opposition to Napoleon within France which was controlled to some extent by a harsh police system. Answers worth 11-13 marks should display basically acceptable knowledge but there will be little considered assessment. 14-15 marks can be awarded to answers that are relevant and more detailed but still more dependent on narrative and description than assessment and comparison. 16-17 marks might be awarded to answers that contain more analysis and assessment but where the assessment might be largely implicit. 18- 20 marks will be appropriate for answers that focus on the key issue but in which there is evident imbalance and unevenness. The discriminating factor in the 21-25 mark answers might well be their success in providing convincing assessments. 5.‘From 1789 to 1799, who posed the more dangerous threats to the French Revolution: its internal or its external enemies? The key issue is the threats or dangers to the French Revolution. Candidates should note that the question ends in 1799 with the coup d’à ©tat of Brumaire, the end of the Directory, and Napoleon’s accession to the Consulate. No particular ceilings are suggested for incomplete answers but answers that end in 1794-95 with the fall of the Jacobins might be worth at least one band lower than would otherwise be awarded. Candidates should consider both internal and external threats. Answers that discuss only one aspect and completely ignore the other cannot expect more than a mark in a middle band. However, examiners will not look for an even balance in even the best essays; a reasonable balance but one that is weighted to one side can score very highly. The quality of the argument will be of prior importance. Internal enemies included the King and court to Louis’ execution in 1793. His recognition of the Revolution, and the concessions that he agreed, were half-hearted. Royalists within France and those who left the country (à ©migrà ©s) continued to agitate. The influential Church was hostile. Conservative regions of France, especially the more rural areas, were hostile to the changes, such as the Vendà ©e. From 1795, the Directory tried to draw back from the alleged excesses of previous years but was unsuccessful in controlling disorder until the advent of Napoleon. France had to face foreign enemies from the inception of the Revolution and open war broke out in 1792 against Austria and Prussia. The danger of overwhelming defeat and the fall of the Revolution seemed very real. Foreign enemies later included Britain, Holland and Spain. Although unsuccessful at home, the Directory had more success abroad, especially through the victories of Napoleon in Italy. Weak answers will probably be vague about the threats and might be confined to very general accounts of the Revolution. Answers in the middle bands might focus on threats but deal with them in a highly descriptive manner, lacking assessment and comparison. The most successful answers can be expected to be analytical, focused on assessment and supported by appropriate factual knowledge Why did Louis XVI’s policies from 1789 fail to prevent his execution in 1793? †¨The key issue is the assessment of Louis XVI’s policies as a reason for his execution. The question asks ‘Why†¦?’ and examiners will award the highest marks to answers that are analytical, providing a series of reasons for the execution of Louis XVI. However, excellent answers can be organised chronologically because the period from 1789 to 1793 saw many changes that can be examined sequentially. Candidates might examine his reluctance to accept the comparatively moderate changes that were demanded by the Third Estate in 1789. He sided with the First and Second Estates until he was forced to concede. He was forced to accept the Declaration of Rights and the Civil Constitution of the clergy. Suspicions that he wanted to overturn the concessions, probably with foreign assistance, were reinforced when he fled to Varennes. Answers in Band I should also consider the impact of other factors that led to the King’s execution. These included a worsening economic situation and the rise of political radicalism, leading eventually to the (brief) triumph of Robespierre and the Jacobins, who were directly responsible for Louis XVI’s execution. War and counter-revolution in the provinces threatened the gains of the Revolution and had an impact on the King’s situation. The Grand Peur, the Terror and the influence of Paris and the sans-culottes might be seen as evidence of the burgeoning influence of the urban lower classes. Some candidates might consider the reputation of the Queen, Marie Antoinette, and the royalist supporters. 7. ‘The divisions among the revolutionaries were the most important reason why Austria was able to suppress the revolutions in Italy and Germany in 1848–49.’ How far do you agree with this claim? †¨ The key issue is the reason for the failure of the revolutions of 1848–49 in Italy and Germany. Examiners will expect a reasonable balance in the discussion of the two regions for marks in Bands 1 and 2 (18–20; 21–25). 60:40 either way will be acceptable. An understanding of the revolutions in one region will be required for Band 5 (11–13). Candidates can argue that other factors were more important than divisions among the revolutionaries, for example Austrian military power, but the stated factor should normally be given some attention for Band 5. In Italy, the revolutionaries had different aims. For some, local grievances were most important. For example, Sicily resented rule by Naples. Mazzini and Garibaldi aimed at wider issues when they established the Roman Republic. Piedmont’s leaders had a different agenda. In Germany, Liberals demanded constitutional reform but disagreements appeared, for example over the role of Prussia. There was no coordination between the movements. Religious divisions between Catholics and Protestants were important. Candidates might explain the failure of the Frankfurt Parliament. On the other hand, Austria’s army was stronger than any force that the revolutionaries could muster. Their generals were more capable; answers might mention Radetsky in Italy. 8. How far did Napoleon Bonaparte ensure liberty and equality in his domestic government of France? †¨The key issue is the nature of Napoleon’s government of France. The question clearly refers to domestic issues; discussions of foreign policy or the impact of Napoleon’s rule on other countries will not be relevant unless they are a brief part of introductions or conclusions. One would expect answers in Bands 1 (21–25) and 2 (18–20) to consider arguments for and against Napoleon’s support for liberty and equality. However, examiners should not require an equal balance. The balance will reflect the argument. For example, it might reject ’liberal’ measures as of minor importance. Answers in other Bands might plump for an argument that accepts or rejects ’liberty and equality;’ without considering the alternative at all. It will be relevant to discuss the Code Napoleon (1804), an attempt to unify the diverse laws of France. Its confirmation of equality before the law and the end of privilege, and religious toleration would point towards Napoleon’s liberalism. Careers were open to talent. However, associations of workers were banned and women were given fewer rights than men. Napoleon kept a tight hold on power through his autocratic rule. Officials were nominated and the Empire ensured Napoleon’s personal rule. Opposition was suppressed and reference might be made to the work of Fouchà © as Minister of Police. Equality was limited by the restriction of promotion to Napoleon’s supporters. 9. Why was Napoleon Bonaparte able to become Emperor of France? †¨The key issue is the creation of the Empire by Napoleon Bonaparte. The Question asks ‘Why’ and examiners will be looking for analysis when awarding the two highest Bands. It will be relevant to explain the background to Napoleon’s rise to show his appeal after the instability of the previous decade. However, surveys need to be linked to the Empire to get a high reward. Napoleon offered military success in the revolutionary wars especially against Austria; the failure of the Egyptian campaign was offset by propaganda. He also gained support because of his ability to put down insurrection and disorder within France. He managed to out manoeuvre colleagues in the Consulate and caught the imagination of France by establishing the Empire, promising to safeguard the ideals of the Revolution and maintain order. He had pursued populist policies, for example in the Codes and through the Concordat. War was not a heavy expense for the French people but made Napoleon‘s reputation. Even the Egyptian expedition did not reflect badly on him. It will not be necessary, and probably irrelevant, to narrate the developments of foreign relations and campaigns but candidates can point out the resulting popularity within France. Although the Empire contradicted the republicanism that was at the heart of the French Revolution from 1792, it promised to maintain the ideals of the Revolution whilst, at the same time, ensuring order and efficiency. Some, such as extreme royalists and Jacobins, were not reconciled but Napoleon’s autocracy and the establishment of the Empire were not seriously threatened by oth er people or alternative ideas. 10 How far was France a police state under Napoleon Bonaparte from 1799 to 1814? †¨The key issue is in the phrase ‘police state’. The question asks ‘How far..?’ and candidates should examine both the extent and limits of the claim. However, examiners will not expect balanced answers. The French were completely free under Napoleon but many candidates might judge that France was indeed a police state and therefore devote most of their time to this argument. An uncritical acceptance of this view might be worth up to Band 2 (and Band 1 might be achieved by excellent discussions) but normally answers in the highest band might be expected to consider both sides. Napoleon seized power in 1799, reduced the other Consuls to impotence and then declared himself Emperor in 1804. Although these changes were approved by plebiscites, and were genuinely supported by most French people, they represented authoritarian rule and the results of the plebiscites were rigged to produce even larger majorities in favour. Fouchà © headed the Ministry of Police. Letters of arrest very similar to the Bourbons’ lettres de cachet were used. Opponents were detained. The press was heavily censored and the state itself engaged in widespread propaganda. Napoleon’s governments under the Consulate and Empire gave him considerable power over central and local administration. The Codes might have guaranteed some freedoms but they were also a device to bring order and obedience to France. The Concordat with the Papacy (1801) recognised the need to conciliate the Roman Catholic Church and it also allowed some toleration to Protestants but its justification to Napoleon was political rather than moral. On the other hand, it can be argued that police action was not indiscriminate. Many French people found conditions improving. There is no need to compare Napoleon’s rule with other revolutionary regimes (or other police states) but brief comparisons can be given credit. 11Why was Louis XVI executed in 1793? †¨The key issue is the reasons for Louis XVI’s execution. The question asks ‘Why?’ and candidates should provide a series of reasons. Most candidates can be expected to begin in 1789. It will be difficult to make material before 1789 relevant. Some might take a narrower approach with the rise of the Jacobins. As always, the main criterion in assessment will be the quality of the argument. The question can be tackled chronologically. It is easy to underestimate the support for Louis XVI in 1789. The decision to convene the Estates General was popular. The number of republicans was negligible. Nevertheless, his popularity continued to decline until his execution at a time when few monarchists in France dared to protest. Louis’ personality can be examined. He was well-meaning but lacked political skills. He had a strong sense of duty and monarchical obligation. He believed in divine right. Together, these made him reluctant to accept the (comparatively moderate) reforms that were demanded, such as the issue of voting in the Estates General, the August Decrees and Declaration of Rights, until he was forced into concessions, which consequently made him less, not more, popular. His defence of privileged classes was an important factor. He held out against the Civil Constitution. There were suspicions, not wholly unfounded, that he was angling for foreign intervention to regain power. The King was seen as sympathetic to the à ©migrà ©s. Whatever the truth about Marie Antoinette’s attitudes and actions, she was widely hated. The ill-fated flight to Varennes can be examined. It will be very relevant to show how extremists hijacked the Revolution. The dangers from war, internal unrest as in the Vendà ©e, and economic pressures led to the victory of extremists such as Robespierre and the defeat of moderate revolutionary forces. Louis’ execution was important in its own right but it was also a reflection of rivalries between different groups of radicals. 12 Who of Cavour, Garibaldi and Mazzini contributed most to the unification of Italy by 1871? †¨The key issue is the comparative contributions of three leaders of Italian unification. Band 5 (11–13) will need a basic understanding of the work of one man. However, even the best answers do not need to show an even balance between the three. Candidates can spend most time on their preferred choice but answers in the two highest bands will need a sound knowledge and understanding of all three. There is a comparative element in the question (‘contributed†¦most’) and answers in Band 1 (21–25) will be clear when offering their reasons. Answers in lower bands might be relevant, well informed and clearly argued but they will probably not justify their choice. A problem might be when candidates interpret the question as an invitation to write about only one leader – the most important. These answers might show the candidates to be capable of writing well but they will be incomplete. Such answers might be limited to a ceiling in Band 3 (16–17) although, as always, the overriding factor will be the quality of the argument. Cavour laid a firm foundation for unification by re-organising Piedmont. He was a successful politician who managed Piedmont with a combination of skill and bribery. He was a realist and ensured that he obtained foreign assistance, especially from Napoleon III’s France, before confronting Austria. He preferred to extend Piedmont’s influence by plebiscites, apparently democratic but actually carefully managed. It might be argued that unification went further than he intended but his acceptance of Garibaldi’s gains in the south confirmed his pragmatism and he was careful not to confront the Papacy. By the time of his death (1861), Italy was unified with the exceptions of Venetia and Rome. Garibaldi made his name in Italy and outside by his contribution to the failed revolutions of 1848–49. He did as much as anybody to popularise the cause of Italian unification. The 1860 invasion of the south was successful militarily and had knock-on effects by forcing Cavour to recognise the momentum of pressure for a larger Italy. Although his later career was less successful, his particular claims were to push for the unification of the peninsula as a whole and to win the support of the lower orders. Mazzini led the cause in the 1830s and 1840s, for example through the Carbonari and the 1848–49 revolutions. It might be claimed that his ideas were unrealistic: a secular democracy achieved by Italians alone. However, although he was to be less successful in practical terms than either Cavour or Garibaldi, his claim to have been the most important contributor depends largely on the way in which he began the struggle. Except for the monarchy, the final shape of Italy closely resembled his programme. 2 Was Robespierre more a success or a failure than a revolutionary leader? Robespierre soon gained a reputation in the Estates General of 1789 as a lawyer who defended the interests of the poor. He became a leader of the Jacobins and was one of the first to demand the establishment of a republic and the execution of King Louis XVI after the Flight to Varennes (1791). He opposed the war in 1792 because he feared that it would result in the rise of a dictator. Robespierre and the Jacobins (or Montagnards/Mountain Men) defeated the Girondins and dominated the new Committee of Public Safety (1793-95). While in a dominant position, he did not merely seek power for himself and was believed not to be corrupted by power or wealth. He was the ‘Incorruptible’. He believed the problems facing the republic (including external war, internal counter-revolutionary groups and inflation) could only be solved through the use of terror. The terror acted against real and suspected enemies of the revolution and extended into every corner of France. Victims were mostly the aristocracy, bourgeoisie and members of the clergy but also included members of other classes. In all, perhaps 40,000 people were executed. Robespierre advocated a Republic of Virtue. He took the anti-clerical policies of the revolution further by inaugurating the cult of the Supreme Being, based on Reason. He also took severe steps to solve the dual problems of inflation and food shortages. Assignats and price fixing were introduced but both were unsuccessful. Robespierre took on board Carnot’s proposals for mass conscription to fight the war against counter-revolutionary kingdoms. By 1794, the opposition was able to gather sufficient support to bring him down and he was executed. Answers in the higher bands will consider both successes and failures although answers need not be evenly balanced because arguments can stress either. Was he more a success than a failure? Successes might be seen in the defeat of counter-revolution from within and outside France. The establishment of the republic was a short-term success. Robespierre’s leadership of war was decisive. Failures might include the brief period of his rule. Enemies were paralysed briefly. His socio-religious and economic policies did not work. 14 ‘Italian unification was more a victory for Piedmont’s power than for nationalism.’ How far do you agree with this claim? After 1815, Piedmont emerged as the major Italian state to oppose Austria’s power in Italy. However, its leadership was not accepted universally and was unpopular in some quarters. Other places with their leaders had claims, e.g. Rome and Venice. Charles Albert of Piedmont played a controversial role in 1848, seeming to lead the resistance to Austria but in the narrower interests of Piedmont and being willing to exploit the problems of risings elsewhere. After 1848 and under Victor Emmanuel, Piedmont became the more obvious candidate for leadership of Italy. It was independent of Austrian influence, with a constitution including the Statuto, was the wealthiest state in Italy and possessed an army which, although not equal to that of Austria, was stronger than that of other Italian states. Responses might build on this to examine the particular role of Cavour. He aimed to modernise Piedmont and then win allies to help to weaken Austria. By his death in 1861 his policies were successful in expanding Piedmont’s role in the north and in the Duchies. Garibaldi’s success in the south led him to go further than he probably wanted. But by 1861 Venetia and Rome were still outside the new kingdom of Italy in which Piedmont was the most powerful state. Italian nationalism was diverse in its aims. Mazzini aimed at the unification of the entire peninsula but he was foiled in the 1830s and in 1848-49. Other leaders such as Manin in Venice and, briefly, the Pope in 1848-49 had very limited success. None of these gained universal support from inside or outside Italy and crucially lacked military power. However, the role of nationalists, especially Garibaldi, should not be underestimated. Garibaldi played a crucial role in Cavour’s later years and he continued to aim at the incorporation of Rome. Candidates might point out that the final stages of unification (Venetia in 1866 and Rome in 1870) owed little to either Piedmont or to other Italian nationalists. To achieve the highest bands answers need not be evenly balanced between Piedmont and nationalism but should be sound on each.